TL;DR: The current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death are summarized.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges, and critical lessons can be learned for the development of vaccines against rapidly emerging viruses.

TL;DR: The basic concepts of herd immunity are explained and its implications in the context of COVID-19 are discussed, showing the devastating impact of a novel, infectious pathogen on a susceptible population.

TL;DR: Blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged was collected, and SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in 8 newly discharged patients was detected, and there was a strong correlation between neutralization antibody titers and the numbers of virus-specific T cells.

TL;DR: ACE2 is identified as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor, and the latter show its entry mechanism depends on cellular serine protease TMPRSS2, which may explain proinflammatory cytokine release via the associated angiotestin II pathway and a possible therapeutic target via the IL-6-STAT3 axis.

TL;DR: A four-cell-stage developmental framework for Tex cells is defined and the control mechanisms underlying subset transitions are identified and a key interplay between TCF1, T-bet, and Tox is defined in the process.

TL;DR: The protective functions of cytokines in “ideal” responses are explained; the multi-factorial origins that can drive these responses to become pathological; and how this ultimately leads to vascular damage, immunopathology, and worsening clinical outcomes are explained.

TL;DR: Intravital microscopy provides evidence of neutrophil NETs interfering cytolytic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cell contacts with tumor cells, which curtail NETosis with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

TL;DR: A gene expression signature associated with CD4+ T follicular helper cells that is associated with longer progression-free survival in HNSCC patients is defined and provided a resource for the further study of the impact of immune cells on viral- and carcinogen-induced cancers.

TL;DR: Investigating 17 acute and 24 convalescent patients found that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in broad immune cell reduction including T, NK, monocyte and dendritic cell (DC) and DCs were significantly reduced with functional impairment, and cDC:pDC ratios were increased among acute severe patients.

TL;DR: The structural and mechanistic insights into the roles of cGAS and STING in immunity and diseases revealed by recent studies are focused on.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recently discovered connections between lung and gut microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, and their influence on asthma.

TL;DR: The current understanding of the role of the CD47-SIRPα axis in physiological tissue homeostasis and as a promising therapeutic target in, among others, oncology, fibrotic diseases, atherosclerosis, and stem cell therapies is reviewed.

TL;DR: It is argued for the importance of revising clinical stratification systems to include immune parameters so as to address the immediate need for improved prognostic and/or predictive information to guide clinical decisions.

TL;DR: Most anti-S antibodies that were generated in this patient during the first weeks of COVID-19 infection were non-neutralizing and target epitopes outside the RBD.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that KCs were reduced in MAFLD being replaced by macrophages originating from the bone marrow, highlighting considerable heterogeneity within the macrophage pool and suggesting a need for more specificmacrophage targeting strategies inMAFLD.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that early antigen-specific and qualitative features of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, point to differences in disease trajectory, highlighting the potential importance of functional antigen- specific humoral immunity to guide patient care and vaccine development.

TL;DR: A conceptual framework for considering the RTM heterogeneity that organizes the factors shaping RTM identity within four cardinal points is proposed, including ontogeny and the view that adult RTM populations comprise a defined mixture of cells that arise from either embryonic precursors or adult monocytes.

TL;DR: This work examines recent studies that uncovered mutually beneficial cell-cell circuits established between macrophages and their niche and proposes a modular view of tissues that integrates the resident macrophage as an essential component of each individual module.

TL;DR: The study demonstrates broad cellular effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond classical immune cells and may serve as an entry point to develop biomarkers and targeted treatments of patients with COVID-19.

TL;DR: The single-cell transcriptional landscape of longitudinally collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in both COVID-19 and influenza A virus (IAV)-infected patients is reported, supporting the clinical observations of increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in CO VID-19 patients.

TL;DR: It is concluded that neutralizing antibodies are stably produced for at least 5-7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

TL;DR: The current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them are reviewed, the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses are discussed, and gaps in knowledge are outlined.

TL;DR: An unbiased, genome-wide screening technology was used to determine the precise peptide sequences in SARS-CoV-2 that are recognized by the memory CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients, and found that CD8- T cells generally do not cross-react with epitopes in the four seasonal coronaviruses that cause the common cold.

TL;DR: Overall, this study identifies SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines as strong candidates for promoting robust GC-derived immune responses and directly compared two vaccine platforms −mRNA vaccines and a recombinant protein formulated with an MF59-like adjuvant− for their ability to quantitatively and qualitatively shape Sars-Cov-2-specific primary GC responses over time.

TL;DR: In this paper, the adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients with active infection or after recovery and created a repository of currently >14 million B and T-cell receptor (BCR and TCR) sequences from the blood of these patients.

TL;DR: Findings reveal mechanisms by which disease-associated environmental signals instruct resident and recruited macrophages to acquire distinct gene expression programs and corresponding functions.

TL;DR: Insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by previous studies of immune responses to non-human coronaviruses, to common cold coronavIRuses, and to SARS-CoV and MERS- coV, as well as by knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic.

TL;DR: Results indicate that microglia eliminate synapses through the alternative complement cascade in demyelinating disease and identify a strategy to prevent synapse loss that may be broadly applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases.