Abstract: This article introduces a survey on the state-of-the-art and the technological progress in medium-voltage (MV) power cables for distribution systems. At present, MV cable insulation technology is characterized by a changeover from the conventional lapped-paper, paper-insulated laminated (PIL), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) to tree-retardant cross-linked polyethylene (TRXLPE), and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). The former types have many disadvantages such as high dielectric loss, high operating cost, and low power handling capability.

Abstract: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is an IEEE 802.16 standard-based broadband cellular wireless solution in which orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is the method of sharing communication resources among large numbers of users. This is in contrast with multiple access technologies such as frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) that were dominant in 1G (first generation cellular systems), 2G, 2.5G, and 3G cellular networks. As the demand for wireless communications grows almost exponentially, the ability to access these networks becomes an important commodity. This is particularly the case in cellular networks where the demand for broadband access is pushing the industry to advance into the next generation of wireless mobile networks.

Abstract: In this article, various mechanisms for combinational logic-related radiation induced soft errors such as SE-induced soft delays, SE clock jitter and clock pulse, and SE crosstalk effects have been discussed. Our analysis shows that increasing SE crosstalk noise and delay effects occur with smaller technologies. This work has finally discussed hardening techniques for SE crosstalk noise and delay. Results are shown using HSpice Simulations with interconnect and device parameters derived from Predictive Technology Model for 65 nm.

Abstract: Networks of visual sensors have recently emerged as a new type of sensor-based intelligent system, with performance and complexity challenges that go far beyond those of existing wireless sensor networks (WSN). For many years now, networks of cameras have been used for surveillance and security. These networked cameras, unable to process any data locally, would send their individual streams to a centralized location and rely upon human vision and cognition to detect events and anomalies. Advances in computational technologies have allowed for much improvement in the hardware of these systems, such as higher picture quality and motorization capabilities. However, only recently have there been attempts to integrate the latest research developments in human and computer vision into current sensor technologies. The ultimate goal of visual sensor network (VSN) designers is to enable the cameras (nodes) to perform more advanced vision tasks locally, in a fully automated way. When combined, these cameras would constitute an intelligent visual system capable of detecting not only objects within their range, but also the events created by these objects.

Abstract: Internal attacks are as dangerous and malicious as external attacks. A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack is a serious problem. The attacker can hijack the connection between two communicating parties and capture the packets between them. He or she can modify, add, or prevent the data from reaching the victim. Address resolution protocol (ARP) poisoning can easily exploit the vulnerability present in ARP. Through this, an attacker can easily perform further attacks such as sniffing, denial of service, and MITM among others. The methodology to prevent MITM attacks conducted by ARP spoofing is to first assign unique IP addresses to every node on the local area network (LAN) based upon their MAC address. The algorithm by which IP addresses are assigned is DepMAC-IP proposed in 2010. For example, when working in the Windows OS environment, the existing ARP cannot be changed. The JPCAP (a Java library for capturing and sending network packets) must be used to capture ARP replies. JPCAP is open source and is licensed under GNU LGPL. It can capture Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6, ARP/RARP, TCP, UDP, and ICMPv4 packets.

Abstract: The gray codes are named after Frank Gray, who patented (U.S. Patent 2 632 058) the use of them in shaft encoders in 1953. Because of the reflection property of the code, sometimes the term Gray code is used to refer to reflected binary codes. The Gray codes are cycling in nature and maintain the unit hamming distance between one code word to the next code word. To visualize the attributes of reflection property, cyclic nature and unit hamming distance of Gray codes, Fig. 1 can be referred to where the binary Gray code patterns G(n) for size n51 to 4 b are depicted.

Abstract: The Kinect camera has been a great success in gaming but more importantly it has opened up new fields for researchers. The data streamed from the Kinect in real time requires new haptic algorithms. By developing a novel haptic rendering algorithm we have shown feasibility for using the Kinect in telerobotic applications such as robotic surgery. Providing the surgeon with a "sense of touch" could improve telerobotic surgery. One way to obtain data for such a haptic rendering is from sensors in the robot or on end-effectors (i.e., the surgical tools). But the latter raises issues of calibration as "well as sterilization. An alternative approach is to use depth camera information for haptic rendering. RGB-D cameras like Kinect present a possible way to do this, if the device can be suitably miniaturized. Developing this algorithm into a practical tool for robotic surgeons requires a number of improvements and extensions. One concern is the presence of noise and shadows in depth data especially since shadows will be caused by surgical tools positioned between the Kinect and tissue being acted upon by the tools. A second challenge is to enhance the resolution of the depth data since surgical operations are at a relatively small size scale. A third concern is the need to register the virtual 3-D environment with the real environment. Finally, there is a need to capture haptic properties of tissues such that they can be rendered realistically with the appropriate stiffness.

Abstract: Nearly every aspect of modern life is laced with questions and choices regarding sustainability. Some questions are pervasive, e.g., should I print this IEEE Potentials article or should I read it online? Others are subtle and we might not think consciously about them, e.g., how much CO2 does a Google search release into the atmosphere? Still others are knotty conundrums: how do we encourage and incentivize an entire city to “go green?” Computational sustainability [Gomes (2009)] deals with answering questions such as the above using mathematical and algorithmic techniques. Its scope is broad: from designing environmentally friendly substitutes for everyday products, to reducing carbon emissions of data centers, to encouraging energy efficiency in homes, and finally to understanding the interplay between multiple systems at a societal level. Many issues interplay in achieving sustainability goals. First, it is desirable to have an accurate model of the underlying process or product so that we can understand exactly where to focus our sustainability objectives. Second, we must systematically evaluate and assess alternatives alongside multiple (environmental and other) criteria. Finally, satisfactory implementation of sustainable alternatives requires a “buy-in” from all involved stakeholders.

Abstract: The article presents an approach to holistically account for the considerations of multiple actors (ie, decision makers and stakeholders) in the development of biojet fuels The approach is based on a system perspective couched within a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology The integrated approach is called a multiactor life cycle assessment (MA LCA)The article starts with a discussion about the issue of sustainability in the aviation sector, followed by the description of several technical aspects and challenges of producing biojet fuels The MA-LCA is then described in detailusing a four step approach that includes conceptual model and decision flow chart development It concludes with a discussion on broader implications of the approach

Abstract: Power is available from two different sources: nonrenewable (coal, fuel, natural gas) and renewable (wind, solar, hydro, wave). Nonrenewable sources have limited potential and they are expected to diminish within the next centuries due to high rates of exploitation. This is one of many other reasons why clean and renewable energy resources are currently sought.

Abstract: The ideas of corporate citizenship and sustainable development have demonstrated that corporations have a larger role than simply generating a profit. Some corporations have begun to evolve by including the principles of sustainable development and the triple bottom line into their growth and development plans. Promoting social well-being, minimizing environmental degradation, as well as maximizing economic profitability, is quickly becoming common practice.

Abstract: Ethics generally refers to a field of philosophy describing a social system in which morals are applied, where there may be written standards or codes that belong to a group. As an example, the IEEE has written a code of ethics for its membership, where the code expands on the expectations of the society and the responsibilities placed on the membership as being good community citizens. Another example is offered by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, where their code of ethics can be found in the Canons of Professional Conduct, another list of expectations of the membership on behalf of the society. The National Society of Professional Engineers also offers a code of ethics, one that has been implemented by states as a code of ethics for licensed engineers. In this case, the violation of the code can result in revocation of the engineer's professional license.

Abstract: The field of speech-to-speech translation is a "well-established area of research that has a noteworthy tradition. It addresses a problem-the communication between people and the access to information across languages-that is of high relevance in today's globalized world. By contributing to the field, recent graduates in electrical engineering and computer science can make significant contributions to a challenging technical field. At the same time, their "work has a highly valuable impact on human interaction and is advancing society on its "way to becoming a multilingual worldwide community. The plentitude and diversity of current research projects depicted in this article demonstrates that this field of research is very active. Ongoing projects receive significant funding and attention by the public and are backed and initiated by governments worldwide. As shown, the activities in research communities happen at an international scale and projects can be found in many countries around the globe. The combination of these projects and the current and future research topics that we have outlined give graduates an ideal environment for performing challenging and interesting research. By pursuing a career in this field of research, young engineers and scientists are given the opportunity to make an impact on the future development of this area by advancing the state-of-the-art of automatic speech-to- speech translation systems.

Abstract: Large and highly successful companies all over the world have to deal with the problem of industrial espionage at one time or another. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Industrial Espionage as “acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors” and goes on to state that “... industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many business to keep secret their designs, formulas, manufacturing processes, research and future plans in order to protect or expand their shares of the market.” Thus we can say that companies spy on other companies to obtain information related to trade secrets and intellectual property that can bring financial payoffs, market leadership, economic growth and, in some cases, political clout to the spying companies. It should be well understood that spying is an illegal and covert activity in almost every country in the world, where laws to deal with it have been enacted. Thus, industrial espionage qualifies as an illegal activity by virtue of its nature itself. Nevertheless, organizations and governments still engage in it because of the benefits it can bring and the fact that legal proceedings are extremely complicated and time consuming. Where specific laws do not exist, legal proceedings can still be initiated by framing charges of theft and unauthorized access. The United States enacted the Industrial Espionage Act of 1996, also called the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996 to deal with such espionage.

Abstract: Most students, especially at the undergraduate level, have no idea what their professors do besides teaching. They see their professors show up prepared for class and turn back graded papers, quizzes, or exams. They have no clue what the professors do when not teaching. This article is intended to give a brief discussion on what professors do. Although this will help all students in general, it will especially help students who desire to be professors.

Abstract: Geoengineering technologies are not necessarily "bad" or "good" in themselves. Indeed, if climate degradation were to accelerate unexpectedly, or if political gridlock were to prevent significant mitigation or adaptation, geoengineering technologies might prove to be necessary, and perhaps the only available insurance against unacceptable climate change. As with other powerful technologies, however, many costs and benefits arise as a result of the pace and scale of deployment-that is, they reflect social and political choices, rather than inherent characteristics of the technology itself. Rational and ethical development of these technologies is desirable given the challenge of climate change, but it will require a more sophisticated understanding of how technologies should be used in the context of complex adaptive systems. It will also require a more detailed understanding of the implications of specific geoengineering technologies, especially if they are used at large scales as "silver bullet" solutions, rather than as part of an integrated portfolio of responses.

Abstract: In this fast advancing world of networking, a business always has security concerns as well as scalability requirements. The desire for these two necessities has given rise to the introduction of virtual local area networks [(VLANs) a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same domain, regardless of their physical location]. This logical separation provides security. The ever-increasing demand of scalability led to the use of communication between VLANs (when required). This led to the introduction concept called inter-VLAN routing. An organization that is expanding in its geography needs to be secure as well as be connectible. This leads them to use routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP. However, this fundamental was a revolutionary step but this too has its limitations. This was achieved by using IEEE 802.1Q protocol, which essentially provided a way to secure communication between major remote sites as well as connecting to a public domain. There is virtualization in almost everything we use including the virtualization of networks, where one physical network can act as multiple virtual networks using a very few (or one) device. This article deals with the concept of cost savings as well as meeting increasing demands by deploying the virtual device context (VDC) to reach optimal levels.

Abstract: The ability to balance is a prerequisite to sitting, standing, and walking and requires complicated physiological coordination. The disruption of any components of the equilibrioceptive, proprioceptive, or visual systems can significantly handicap balance, such as in some cases of cerebral palsy, spina bifida, arthrogryposis, cystic fibrosis, and many other diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, in patients with damaged brain function the disorder at the root of the problem cannot typically be treated but, with physical therapy and braces or other aids, the balance handicap may be overcome.

Abstract: Most of the current telemedicine applications have characteristics like “second medical opinion,” “access to remote medical knowledge bases,” and “remote assistance,” ranging from simple to very complex scenarios (Brell, 2009). These are applications that chiefly aim to provide technical support to the decision-making of nonspecialist doctors, who often work in places far from advanced medical centers.

Abstract: We all make mistakes. It goes with the human condition. Someone has said, lHe who never made a mistake never made anything.r However, it is wise and better to learn from other people's mistakes and avoid them. In this article, we share seven common mistakes engineering students make and how to avoid them. We are talking about specific mistakes that create problems for students and prevent them from achieving the best possible results.

Abstract: Surface model reconstruction from stereo vision is appealing to the rehabilitation industry, including the rehabilitation treatment equipment manufacturers. This article presents a systematic approach for constructing editable three-dimensional (3-D) surface models from stereo cameras and employ this approach to develop a commercializable system for automatically building custom-contoured seats.

Abstract: IEEE now has a student honor society. The long standing HKN or Eta Kappa Nu Association (more about the name later) has moved under the umbrella of IEEE as IEEE-HKN. IEEE and HKN developed independently over the last century, although they have shared many common members and concerns. With HKN as an organizational unit within IEEE, even closer cooperation is expected between the organizations, and HKN will enhance student opportunities within IEEE. This article provides an overview of HKN development and points to ways IEEE student activities may benefit.

Abstract: Mobile devices need not always be connected to a server. The device hoards required data in its local memory so that it can access the data even when it is not connected with the network. To preserve the consistency among data stored at the client end and the server end, some synchronization technique has to be applied.

Abstract: The time to frequency transformation is one of the key components in the gamut of signal processing applications. The transformation can be used in general for two major reasons: for the analysis of a certain time signal and for achieving compression.

Abstract: Liver disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, which, according to Hommond et al (2006), affects 25 million patients in the United States and results in over 25,000 deaths per year There are many conditions that lead to acute or chronic liver failure Acute causes include acetaminophen overdose, reaction to medications, and ingestion of toxins, such as poisonous mushrooms Chronic causes include viral infections, such as Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, long-term alcohol consumption, and genetic or acquired conditions, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease Patients suffering from liver failure experience jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and encephalopathy secondary to bilirubin accumulation, bleeding diatheses secondary to loss of the liver's ability to produce coagulation factors, and generalized edema (anasarca) due to the failed liver's inability to produce proteins Currently the only available curative therapy for patients suffering from liver failure is liver transplantation

Abstract: This article documents the design and implementation of an electronic field guide for bird watchers-named RB Birds-developed to run on mobile smart phones and aimed at looking up, checking, and identifying 362 bird species that are encountered at the Rio Blanco Ecological Reserve, "which is located on the outskirts of Manizales, Colombia. This application package has a database that contains information corresponding to each species including images, songs, physical descriptions, feeding habits, migratory movements in time and space, and habitat requirements, among others. RB Birds has a specialized search engine that allows the identification of specimens based on observed physical attributes.

Abstract: When American poet and dramatist W.H. Auden said the above line during the Great Depression, he must have been feeling great fear and worry about his self-existence. Today, we live in an age when there is no escape from fear, stress, frustration, and anger. Undoubtedly, every human being suffers a great deal in one way or another. In our everyday life, we need a variety of information from various sources, which in our age include social networking Web sites, news, blogs, and wikis. In this present era, knowingly or unknowingly, we consume a lot of information from these sources. We try to create, read, and write using these popular tools. Most of the time, it is not easy for us to distinguish the good from the bad and the bad from the ugly. On one hand, we feel happy and alive when we are “connected” in this “age of the Internet.” On the other hand, we may be unaware of our own actions or behavior. S. Aydin suggests that the Internet in itself does not cause anxiety; rather, it is the users' participation “situation” that results in anxiety.

Abstract: In this paper, the research will proceed to: assess the current onshore wind industry in Jamaica, analyze the feasibility of developing future OnWFs, calculate potential costs, land space and turbines required to achieve a specific generation capacity for future OnWFs, provide details of the proposed OWF, compare the OnWFs and OWFs (cost, efficiency, benefits, and feasibility).