TL;DR: SBIRT was feasible to implement and the self-reported patient status at 6 months indicated significant improvements over baseline, for illicit drug use and heavy alcohol use, with functional domains improved, across a range of health care settings and a rangeof patients.

TL;DR: Delayed discounting may provide a variable by which to screen for smoking vulnerability and help identify subgroups to target for more intensive smoking prevention efforts that include novel behavioral components directed toward aspects of impulsivity.

TL;DR: Mortality among treatment-seeking opioid-dependent persons is dynamic across time, patient and treatment variables, and despite periods of elevated risk, this large-scale provision of pharmacotherapy is estimated to have resulted in significant reductions in mortality.

TL;DR: Higher age of onset of any SU is found to be associated with faster transitions to SUD, except for cannabis dependence, which may have important implications for designing early and targeted interventions to prevent disorder progression.

TL;DR: Data on developmental trends of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, abuse and dependence assessed during adolescence and young adulthood in a community-based Colorado twin sample of 1733 respondents is presented.

TL;DR: The findings indicate subtypes should be considered when examining nonmedical prescription drug misuse, especially for pain medication, and the odds of substance use and abuse were generally lower among self-treatment subtypes than other subtypes.

TL;DR: Despite demonstrated social, medical, and economic benefits of providing ORT to inmates during incarceration and linkage to ORT upon release, many prison systems nationwide still do not offer pharmacological treatment for opiate addiction or referrals to community buprenorphine providers.

TL;DR: While acamprosate and buprenorphine grew rapidly after market entry, overall substance abuse retail medication sales remain small relative to the size of the population that could benefit from treatment and relative to sales for other medications, such as antidepressants.

TL;DR: Data suggest that modafinil, in combination with individual behavioral therapy, was effective for increasing cocaine non-use days in participants without co-morbid alcohol dependence, and in reducing cocaine craving.

TL;DR: After initiating opioid agonist treatment in jail, continuing buprenorphine maintenance in the community appears to be more acceptable to offenders than continuing methadone maintenance.

TL;DR: The negative impact of the program on baseline nonusers of alcohol and tobacco indicate that TCYL should not be delivered as a universal prevention intervention, and the finding of a beneficial effect for baseline marijuana users further supports this conclusion.

TL;DR: The current "gold standard" methodologies that are used for laboratory assessments of abuse liability in non-human and human subjects are described and particular emphasis is given to procedures such as non- human drug discrimination, self-administration, and physical dependence testing, and human dose-effect abuse liability studies that are commonly used in regulatory submissions to governmental agencies.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that smoking marijuana in a tobacco leaf may increase the risks of marijuana use by enhancing carbon monoxide exposure and increasing heart rate compared to joints, and these effects were more pronounced in women compared to men.

TL;DR: Route of administration may play an important role in the observed association between tobacco and cannabis use, and may represent a physiological adaptation of the aero-respiratory system and/or index social and cultural influences surrounding the use of smoked versus smokeless forms of tobacco.

TL;DR: A general vulnerability to nonmedical opioid use and major psychopathologies is supported, as well as evidence for a 'self-medication' model for dependence resulting from non medical opioid use with bipolar disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.

TL;DR: The durability of the CBT4CBT effect remained even after controlling for treatment retention, treatment substance use outcomes, and exposure to other treatment during the follow-up period, suggesting both short-term and enduring effects on drug use.

TL;DR: Differences in affective processing in chronic smokers are suggested, even when stimuli are presented below the level of conscious processing, and underscore the likelihood that marijuana smokers process emotional information differently from those who do not smoke, which may result in negative consequences.

TL;DR: The COWS was validated in comparison to the validated Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) scale, indicating good internal consistency (reliability) and certain VAS items are all valid measurement tools for acute opiate withdrawal.

TL;DR: Three distinct types of patient classes are described as well as data elements that could help identify the two atypical types and prescribed average daily dose of opioids was three times higher for those in the twoatypical groups and was strongly associated with class membership after adjusting for other variables.

TL;DR: Although the prevalence of substance use among pregnant women was significantly lower than non-pregnant women, some groups of women remain vulnerable to continued use, including those who are unemployed, unmarried, and experiencing possible current psychopathology.

TL;DR: Comorbid anxiety and/or substance use disorder are clinically identifiable, and their presence may define distinct MDD subgroups that have more problems and worse pharmacological treatment outcomes.

TL;DR: Factor and IRT analyses disprove the validity of the DSM-IV abuse and dependence distinction: A single dimension represented the criteria rather than the two implied by the separate abuse/dependence categories.

TL;DR: It is suggested that non-cue induced alcohol craving may define a subtype of alcohol dependence that is less responsive to treatment and may explain heterogeneity in treatment outcomes.

TL;DR: Men with AAS dependence showed a particularly strong association with opioid dependence - an observation that recalls recent animal data suggesting similarities in AAS and opioid brain reward mechanisms.

TL;DR: Exposure to familial conflict early in life increases the risk of substance use disorders during late adolescence and emerging adulthood, due partly to higher levels of externalizing problems, but not internalizing problems.

TL;DR: Differences in the accessibility, purity, dosing, and misuse of illicit GHB and sodium oxybate suggest that risks associated with illicit Ghanaian gamma-hydroxybutyrate are greater than those associated with the pharmaceutical product sodium oxy bate.

TL;DR: Feature of the neighborhood social environment may need to be considered in combinations to understand their role in shaping health and health behavior.

TL;DR: Factors that preclinical research has determined are strong and translatable predictors of nicotine and other drug abuse over critical transition phases of addiction that are difficult to examine prospectively in humans are discussed.

TL;DR: There are unique racial/ethnic profiles for substance use risk behaviors in adolescence and being younger, having less education, as well as alcohol use; marijuana use, inhalant use, and delinquent behavior during adolescence were associated with prescription drug misuse.