Abstract: This article offers an exemplary presentation of the quantitative classification of dialects based on data extracted from the linguistic atlas of France ALF (Gilliéron & Edmont 1902-1910). First, the historical background of the genesis of the ALF (1897-1901) and its impact on Romance linguistic geography are described. Then some samples of the statistical and visual methods of “Salzburg dialectometry” applied to ALF data are presented. The samples mentioned contain the following sections: preparation of the ALF data for the measurement of inter-and intra-dialectal similarity, establishment and subsequent evaluation of the calculated similarity matrix by means of the following mapping tools: similarity maps, parameter maps, isoglottic synthesis, tree analysis and correlation analysis. These mapping tools are presented in detail and the results they produce are discussed in detail. The maps presented are all coloured and all have a polygonal background map.

Abstract: From the mid 19 th century, there is a tradition of classifying the dialects spoken in Norway on the basis of linguistic features that show the different developments of Norwegian dialects in time and space after the Old Norse period. Most of these features are phonological or morpho-phonological. The most prevalent theoretical background has been historical-comparative linguistics. Eight different classifications are presented, starting with a division into three main dialect areas (Aasen 1848); scholars later proposed a division into two (Ross 1905, Larsen 1897, Kolsrud 1951, Skjekkeland 1997)), four (Christiansen 1954, Mæhlum & Røyneland 2012) and even twelve dialect areas (Sandøy 1985). Some of these classifications build upon each other, others take a more original approach incorporating insights from structuralism and sociolinguistics. The possibilities to renew the tradition of dialect classification by introducing other linguistic and extra linguistic factors, are discussed at the end of the article.

Abstract: The study aims to examine if dual mechanism asymmetrical processing is applicable to L2 processing. A lexical elicitation task of the past tense is designed to measure the effect of phonological neighborhood similarity. The task includes a trio of non-verbs for existing regular and irregular verbs at three levels of phonological similarity which are the prototypical, intermediate, and distant. Forty high-proficiency Jordanian learners of EFL at the Hashemite University participated in this task. The results show that the dual mechanism asymmetrical processing is noticeable in the result of the study as the irregular past tense inflection is sensitive to phonological neighborhood similarity while the regular past tense inflection is not. The number of the irregular non-verbs being irregularly inflected decreases as the similarity decreases when moving from prototypical, to intermediate, to distant level. El estudio tiene como objetivo examinar si el procesamiento asimétrico de mecanismo dual es aplicable al procesamiento de una L2. Se ha diseñado una tarea de elicitación léxica del tiempo de pasado para medir el efecto de la similitud de fonemas vecinos. La tarea incluye un trío de no-verbos que se corresponden con verbos regulares e irregulares existentes en tres niveles de similitud fonológica, que son el prototípico, el intermedio y el distante. Participaron en esta tarea cuarenta estudiantes jordanos de alto nivel de inglés como lengua extranjera en la Universidad Hachemita. Los resultados muestran que el procesamiento asimétrico del mecanismo dual es notable, ya que la flexión del tiempo de pasado irregular es sensible a la similitud de los fonemas vecinos, mientras que la del pasado regular no lo es. El número de no-verbos irregulares que se flexionan irregularmente disminuye a medida que disminuye la similitud al pasar del nivel prototípico al intermedio y al distante. asimètric de mecanisme dual es pot aplicar al processament d’una L2. S’ha dissenyat una tasca d’elicitació lèxica del temps de passat per mesurar l’efecte de la similitud de fonemes veïns. La tasca inclou un conjunt de tres no-verbs que es corresponen amb verbs regulares i irregulars que existeixen en tres nivells de similitud fonològica, que són el prototípic, l’intermedi i el distant. Hi van participar quaranta estudiants jordans d’un alt nivell d’anglès com a llengua estrangera de la Universitat Hachemita. Els resultats mostren que el processament asimètric del mecanisme dual és notable, ja que la flexió del temps de passat irregular és sensible a la similitud dels fonemes veïns, mentre que la del passat regular no ho és. El nombre de no-verbs irregulars que es flexionen irregularment baixa a mesura que en disminueix la similitud en passar del nivell prototípic a l’intermedi i al distant.

Abstract: The conception of time and its division into parts of the day has always been a topic of special interest. The interest of the researchers in this topic is not only because it involves a different categorisation of the same reality, but also because it is a semantic field with a high grade of designative variety. The purpose of this study is to examine the designative variation of the concepts ‘dawn’ using the materials offered by Iberian Romance geolinguistics. To develop the research, the authors used atlas data, analysed from the etymological and lexical-semantic standpoint and based on the cognitive semantic framework, in order to firstly determine the differences and similarities in categorising this part of the day in the Iberian Romance linguistic scope and secondly, to analyse the grade of lexical variation of this concept in relation to the semantic motivation giving rise to it. semàntic que presenta un grau elevat de variació designativa. L'objectiu del nostre treball és l’estudi de la variació designativa del concepte ‘alba’ a partir dels materials que ofereix la geolingüística iberoromànica. Per al desenvolupament de la investigació s'ha partit de les dades dels atles lingüístics, les quals s'han analitzat des d'una perspectiva etimològica i lexicosemàntica dins del marc de la semàntica cognitiva, amb la finalitat de, per una banda, determinar quines són les diferències i semblances en la categorització d'aquesta part del dia en l'àmbit lingüístic iberoromànic i, per l'altra, analitzar el grau de variació lèxica en relació amb la motivació semàntica que l’origina.

Abstract: Native speakers of Welsh are well aware of geographical variation in features of the language, and are able to tell where people come from by listening to the way they speak. Welsh dialectologists have over the years looked at geographical variation in phonology, lexis and grammatical forms and have tried to establish where changes between different features are located. They have shown relatively little interest, however, in defining distinct regional dialects, and dividing the country into separate speech areas. This paper will look at those attempts which have been made in the frameworks of isoglottic dialectology, by John Rhŷs in 1897 and by Alan Thomas in 1973 and 1980

Abstract: Resumen (- ) sintáctico, marcación es sensible a las propiedades semánticas del referente que se expresa. La distribución del marcador - ta interactúa con otros constituyentes y sufijos de la frase nominal, según se mencionen entidades más o menos jerarquizadas en una escala de empatía. La presencia/ausencia de -ta favorece interpretaciones específicas/no específicas, en el nivel de la cláusula, e interpretación de mayor/menor empatía, en el nivel discursivo. Este fenómeno ha sido descripto en otras lenguas del mundo como ‘marcación diferencial de objeto’, es decir, una marcación de caso que responde a las propiedades semánticas del objeto. Palabras interfaz sintaxis-semántica, marcación diferencial de objeto, quechua, quichua santiagueño Abstract Santiago del Estero Quichua (Quechua, Argentina) is a nominative-accusative language with case suffixes in the dependents. This research study argues that the distribution of the accusative case suffix

Abstract: The Irish language is among the oldest vernaculars spoken in Europe, but Ireland’s history and the language shift to English led to the almost complete demise of traditional Irish in Ireland. The current dialects areas – South, West and North – are the remnants of a much greater geographical distribution of Irish throughout the country. The major differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, which can be observed in Irish today, probably go back to the early classical period. The standard dialect survey of Irish is Heinrich Wagner’s comprehensive atlas (1958-1964); there are also many individual studies which document the language in the early twentieth century. Southern Irish refers to a few areas in the southern province of Munster (Co. Kerry, Co. Waterford), Western Irish refers to forms of Irish spoken west of Galway and on the Aran Islands and Northern Irish is spoken in pockets of West Ulster (Co. Donegal).

Abstract: This paper aims to show how different types of linguistic variation should be considered and interrelated in the analysis of translated texts if no partial conclusions are desired. In the first section (§1), a brief theoretical summary of these types of variation is presented. Examples of various interference phenomena between source text and target text which correspond to each variation type are given. The paper presents a clear distinction between diatopic and contact-based variation of transfer. The benefits of comparing these variation types are proved by means of the analysis of a concrete morphosyntactic phenomenon: personal tonic object pronouns (§3, §4) within a corpus of Medieval Castilian translations (§2). d'un corpus de traduccions al castellà medieval (§2). Paraules clau Interferència lingüística, variació basada en el contacte, traducció, pronoms d’objecte personal

Abstract: Geographically not strictly part of Europe, Greenland is still part of the Danish Kingdom. Consequently, Greenlandic is a language spoken in (geopolitical) Europe. The dialects and sub-dialects of Greenlandic Eskaleut, which form part of a wider language continuum that stretches across the Arctic coastal regions from North Alaska to East Greenland are described. There are three main Greenlandic dialects – West Greenlandic (Kalaallisut), East Greenlandic (Tunumiisut) and Polar Eskimo (Inuktun)

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to determinate, by means of isoglosses and from the data provided by the Altas lingüístico y etnográfico de Cantabria ( ALECant ), the different lexical areas that exist in the Spanish spoken in this Northern region. The conclusions suggest the existence of different isoglosses in the North-South axis, and to a lesser extent, different divisions on the East-West axis. Les conclusions apunten a l’existència de diferents isoglosses en l’eix Nort-Sud i, de manera minoritària, diferents divisions en l’eix Est-Oest. Paraules clau espanyol de Cantàbria, geografia lingüística, àrees lèxiques

Abstract: In investigating modal concept ‘to be able to’ in 104 modern west Iranian varieties, we found four main lexical sources for the verbs meaning ‘to be able to’: i) * xšāya; ii) tav -; iii) zan; and iv) šaw/šiyaw . Therewith the above sources, in some of the language varieties in Central of Iran, the idiomatic clause ti G = clitic vontemon meaning ‘someone’s razor cuts’ has the same semantic roles which are predominately on auxiliary verbs meaning ‘to be able to/can’ in other languages. At the same time, in each variety, there is an auxiliary with (almost) the same semantic domain in the field of modality. This paper studies these constructions in one of these language varieties (Kahangi) and shows how the mentioned clause is competing with and winning over an auxiliary meaning ‘can’ (be - ʃ) in this variety. en una de estas variedades lingüísticas (Kahangi) y muestra cómo la cláusula mencionada compite y se impone a un significado auxiliar ‘can’ (be-ʃ) en esta variedad. 1) 2) Southwest Iranian; 3) Perside Groups, Southern and 4) Non-Perside Groups, Larestan, and 5) Northwest Iranian, Tier two; 6) Easter Afghanistan, Pakistan; 7) Caspian Dialects, and 8) Semnan

Abstract: This article is a descriptive study whose corpus of analysis is part of the unprecedented database of the Atlas Linguistic Project of Brazil - ALiB. From the geolinguistic perspective, the diatopic distribution of designations that cover the concept of question 51 of the ALiB Project's Semantic-Lexical Questionnaire (National Committee 2001) is discussed. Data are presented in graphic, table and linguistic maps from 316 respondents, divided equally between men and women and two age groups (age group I: 18 to 30 / age group II: 50 to 65 years), and distributed in 79 municipalities in the Southeast Region of Brazil, with four respondents with basic education per location. In summary, from analyzed data, there is high response abstention rate in the Region and use of two main forms of mandioca (cassava) and mandioca brava (wild cassava) depending on the federal state. de la pregunta 51 del qüestionari semanticolèxic del Projecte ALiB (Comitè Nacional 2001). Es presenten les dades en gràfics, taules i mapes lingüístics corresponents a 316 enquestats, dividits equitativament entre homes i dones i pertanyents a dos grups d’edat (grup d’edat I: 18 a 30 anys / grup d’edat II: 50 a 65 anys), i distribuïts en 79 municipis de la regió sud-est del Brasil, amb quatre enquestats amb educació bàsica per localitat. En resum, a partir de les dades analitzades, apareix una taxa elevada d’abstenció de resposta en la regió i en l’ús de dues formes principals de mandioca ( iuca i mandioca ) federal.

Abstract: The present paper aims at describing some forms of French adapted borrowings into the Algerian Arabic dialect. This study deals with French as donor language on the one hand, and Algerian Arabic dialect, as recipient language on the other. The collection of data is based on everyday conversations and Algerian television programs. French borrowings are used in everyday life by all Algerian counterparts. They may be adopted or adapted. The latter undergo the process of adaptation to suit the linguistic patterns of Algerian Arabic dialect. The results reveal several cases of adaptation, at the level of phonology and morphology, such as alteration, gemination, addition, omission, gender and number inflection, which occur in nouns, adjectives, and verbs. diversos tipos de adaptación a nivel fonológico y morfológico, como alteraciones, geminaciones, adiciones, omisiones, flexión de género y número, que se aplican en sustantivos, adjetivos y verbos. Aquest article té l’objectiu de descriure alguns manlleus del francès que s’han adaptat al dialecte àrab algerià. S’estudia el francès com a llengua de partida, per una banda, iel dialecte àrab algerià, com a llengua receptora, per una altra. La recopilació de dades es basa en converses quotidianes i en programes de televisió algeriana. Els algerians utilitzen els manlleus francesos en la vida quotidiana. Poden ser adoptats o adaptats. Aquests darrers se sotmeten a un procés d’adaptació per acomodar-se als patrons lingüístics del dialecte àrab algerià. Els resultats mostren diversos tipus d’adaptació a nivell fonològic i morfològic, com ara alteracions, geminacions, addicions, omissions, flexió de gènere i nombre, que s’apliquen en substantius, adjectius i verbs.

Abstract: For the Indo-European languages Pokorny’s etymon 700, manu-s and mon-us , comprises as meanings ‘man’ and ‘human being’. In the following article we will show that this etymon is not only the root for a variety of words in the Indo-European languages, but also has equivalent root forms in other language families, among them reconstructed roots in the Semitic, Uralic, Dravidian, Afroasiatic, Caucasian, and Sino-Tibetan language family. In these languages the above mentioned meaning attached to the words that derived from these roots is relatively stable besides some special meanings. After the description of the reflexes of the obviously widely spread root for the concept ‘man’ and ‘human’ in natural languages we will raise the discussion about the evidence for historical transcontinental language contact situations that distributed the linguistic material of this concept, when looking at the material. Finally, we present based on our findings an approach for the understanding of historical language contacts, their contents, and the development of varieties of languages based on concepts.