Abstract: The first part of this article summarizes research carried out during the last decade in the field of media use of ethnic minorities throughout Europe. Guiding research questions, underlying paradigms, and empirical evidence will be critically discussed in a comparative way. In the second part, empirical data of a Swiss survey among 1,600 adolescents aged 12 to 17 with migrant and Swiss backgrounds are presented. The comparative study points at similarities and differences in access to and use of old and new media such as the Internet as well as with the link between media use and social integration or cultural identity. Special emphasis is given to ethnic versus social factors as underlying explanatory factors. The results of the Swiss study are placed in the context of European research evidence.

Abstract: Major changes have occurred in male and female sexual function/dysfunction research and treatments. Male erectile dysfunction has been re-conceptualized as an organic dysfunction, which marks a dramatic shift from previous conceptions of psychogenic impotence developed during the 60' and the 70's. This shift is based on major scientific discoveries, and pharmacological advances that took place since the early 80's under the influence of North American urologists. The release of sildenafil in 1998 was thecorner stone of a new paradigm of treatments focusing on male penile activity, far remote from any psychological approaches. More recently, the same group of urologists started to reconsider Female Sexual Dysfunction using the same organic/biological model of sexual function. New pharmaceutical products are currently under trial for the treatment of this new category of female sexual disorder. But as opposed to the absence of public adverse reaction to the development of this approach of male function, many voices raised to oppose this new conception of female function. A major discussion took place in the British Medical Journal (2003) stating that female sexual function was not organically driven, but rather determined by the social, psychological and interpersonal context of female sexual activity and relations. One of the major dimension of this discussion opposed the so-called "simplicity" of male sexual function to the "complexity" of female sexual function.

Abstract: This paper, which looks at exposure to and use of host and home media by Turkish minorities in Belgium, illustrates that media use is determined by cultural as well as socio-demographic features. The Turkish community in Belgium has access to a variety of ‘old’ and ‘new’ media outlets in their native and host language, allowing them to learn about events and issues through both Western and non-Western lenses. By means of a quantitative survey among 400 respondents of Turkish origin between the ages of 18 and 60, home and host use of ‘old’ (television, newspapers) and ‘new’ media (Internet) was analyzed in relation to culture-specific features such as ethnic cultural position, religion, and command of language, alongside with socio-demographic features such as age, gender, education, years of residence and socio-economic status. Our investigation found religion and ethnic cultural position to be the strongest cultural determinants for home language news media use and command of the language as well as religion for host language news media use. These findings nuance earlier findings with Turkish youngsters in the Netherlands and Flanders (12-19), whose media use was predominantly related to socio-demographics.

Abstract: Previous research into film preferences and functions has looked above all at teenagers and younger to middle-aged adults. There is a lack of information in this area with respect to the behavior and preferences of older adults. In this study, for the first time, the fifty-and-older cohort was questioned in a representative sample about their film preferences. The analysis shows that the film preferences of the majority of those questioned were formed before the age of thirty. These early preferences remain relatively stable. Older people generally prefer films set in a time period or dealing with historic events that they themselves experienced and with which they therefore have a certain expertise. With increasing age, older men prefer film genres that otherwise tend to be preferred by female viewers. Women, as they are older, tend to increasingly prefer female film content.

Abstract: Advertisers in the Netherlands and Flanders are discovering marketing opportunities to market to specific target groups such as children and adolescents, and their growing numbers in the ethnic minority population. There have been relatively few empirical studies on the portrayal of these audience segments. In light of the first steps in ethnic marketing theory and practice in the Netherlands and Flanders, this study questions how advertising campaigns actually deal with ethnicity and the multicultural market. This issue is tackled by means of a quantitative and comparative content analysis of Dutch, Flemish, American, Turkish, and Chinese television commercials. The first section of this article sketches a theoretical framework for the measurement of cultural values and the representation of ethnic minorities in commercials. On the one hand it draws on previous cross-cultural research examining the individualism/collectivism dimension of culture (cf. Hofstede, 1991; Schwartz, 1992; Gudykunst, 1998) and on the other hand on advertising research concerned with both content-related, and style characteristics of commercials (e. g., De Pelsmacker and Geuens, 1997). In the second section, the methodology is discussed through an examination of the sample and coding instrument. The results section reveals both similarities and differences in the use of values and communication styles in commercials from individualistic as well as collectivistic cultures. Finally, the conclusions of this study are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.

Abstract: Western societies are confronted with a growing number of overweight and obese (pre-school) children. Past studies have pointed to excessive television viewing as one of the causes of this phenomenon. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of parental mediation and modeling on TV use and obesity among pre-school children. A survey conducted among 608 parents of two-and-a-half to six year olds shows that obese children watch significantly more television, show more affinity towards television and more often have a TV set in their bedroom than normal weight and overweight children. For girls, parental restrictions on television viewing are negatively associated with their BMI. For boys, no similar relationship can be found. This study suggests that taking into account possible differences in television viewing behavior between pre-school boys and girls and paying attention to a wide range of television viewing variables can be fruitful for further research.

Abstract: The present study shows that the Internet functions as a gratifying context for the exchange of knowledge and values related to religious matters among youngsters (primarily Moroccan) in the Netherlands; they are in the midst of constructing a religious identity. Systematic content analysis complemented by qualitative research was carried out on Maroc.nl, a discussion forum primarily aimed at Moroccan youth. Inspired by Kemper's (1996) definitions of experiencing Islam, the recurrence of six dimensions of religious experience (i.e., the ritual, ideological, consequential, experiential, intellectual, and social) was looked into in 1,354 online messages. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the nature and the relative visibility of each of these dimensions in the online discussions under study. In addition, a number of context-bound and issue-related characteristics of the message were assessed through qualitative analysis, in an effort to find out what key issues were mainly dealt with, what normative statements were made, and how the informants related to one another.

Abstract: Winance Myriam. Du malaise au « faire corps » : le processus d’ajustement. In: Communications, 81, 2007. Corps et techniques [Numero dirige par Georges Vigarello] sous la direction de Georges Vigarello. pp. 31-45.

Abstract: The amount of time that people spend on watching television is a matter of social concern. In the past, several approaches have been developed explaining why people expose themselves to television, most notably the Uses and Gratifications approach. Building on an action theoretical framework, it is argued that the influence of routinization and situational context of television viewing (including the role played by others) should receive more attention. This approach is then applied to media use in households, with an emphasis on how adolescents and parents influence each other's television viewing. Event history on data from 55 Dutch households (including 86 adolescents and their parents) show that the influence of parents and their adolescent children is reciprocal, that is, not only do parents influence their children, but children also influence their parents. This influence does, however, not increase during the teenage years, nor does parental influence diminish during those years.

Abstract: This article describes a qualitative inquiry into the historical reception of Flemish television fiction broadcast by the monopolistic Flemish broadcaster BRT between 1953 and 1989. This is a relatively homogeneous period, both in terms of broadcasting policies and fiction output. What do viewers remember of this period? Can patterns be discerned in these memories, and if so, why? To answer these questions, this research uses semi-structured interviews with older viewers. First, the article discusses the particular problems of this method, mostly 'faulty' memory and nostalgic reinterpretation. Then, the findings are presented, reflecting on processes of (collective) memory formation. One clear finding concerns the selective and homogeneous nature of memories; the same few serials are remembered in similar ways by most, leading to cliched memories of (representations of) the past.

Abstract: L’association entre travail, corps et technicite est le plus souvent faite au prix d’une conception reductrice du travail comme labor ou comme oeuvre. En nous appuyant sur des traditions qui partagent une perspective anthropologique, nous montrons l’interet d’apprehender autrement le lien entre travail, corps et technique. Saisir le travail comme une activite technicienne permet en effet d’explorer ce qui s’y fabrique: l’emergence d’objets, de sujets, d’elaborations normatives, d’attachements sensibles, de savoirs professionnels.

Abstract: Les «robots» chirurgicaux peuvent-ils servir d’emblemes prestigieux aux professionnels du bistouri ou bien leur font-ils dangereusement concurrence? Desenchantent-ils la chirurgie en eloignant le chirurgien du corps du patient? Sont en cause l’efficacite symbolique des dispositifs techniques les plus avances, ainsi que l’image de ces derniers chez des patients trop et pas assez informes.

Abstract: Vigarello Georges. « Science du travail » et imaginaire du corps. In: Communications, 81, 2007. Corps et techniques [Numero dirige par Georges Vigarello et Thierry Pillon] sous la direction de Georges Vigarello et Thierry Pillon. pp. 61-70.

Abstract: This essay examines the contemporary approaches to systems theory, the strengths and limitations of these approaches, and how communication researchers can apply them creatively. It points out that using system approaches requires communication scholars to study the mutual interaction of both information inputs and matter/energy inputs. Overloads of these inputs coupled with storage problems could engender positive feedback loops and move the system away from the linear region of stability toward the edge of chaos (bifurcation). It could then self-organize as a more complex system in a new phase space of its trajectory. This complexity approach could be used to trace the trajectory of the global mass communication system or to conduct empirical research on all or any of the information-processing subsystems within the eight hierarchical levels of nested systems ranging from cell to supranational systems. Although systems thinking is writ large in the onto-cosmology of Eastern philosophies, its epistemological and methodological refinements did not occur until quantum physics challenged the 'atomism' of the dominant Newtonian-Cartesian model.

Abstract: Major changes have occurred in male and female sexual function/dysfunction research and treatments. Male erectile dysfunction has been re-conceptualized as an organic dysfunction, which marks a dramatic shift from previous conceptions of psychogenic impotence developed during the 60' and the 70's. This shift is based on major scientific discoveries, and pharmacological advances that took place since the early 80's under the influence of North American urologists. The release of sildenafil in 1998 was thecorner stone of a new paradigm of treatments focusing on male penile activity, far remote from any psychological approaches. More recently, the same group of urologists started to reconsider Female Sexual Dysfunction using the same organic/biological model of sexual function. New pharmaceutical products are currently under trial for the treatment of this new category of female sexual disorder. But as opposed to the absence of public adverse reaction to the development of this approach of male function, many voices raised to oppose this new conception of female function. A major discussion took place in the British Medical Journal (2003) stating that female sexual function was not organically driven, but rather determined by the social, psychological and interpersonal context of female sexual activity and relations. One of the major dimension of this discussion opposed the so-called "simplicity" of male sexual function to the "complexity" of female sexual function.

Abstract: Lanoe Catherine. Les techniques de blanchiment du visage a l’epoque moderne. In: Communications, 81, 2007. Corps et techniques [Numero dirige par Georges Vigarello et Thierry Pillon] sous la direction de Georges Vigarello et Thierry Pillon. pp. 107-120.

Abstract: Across the countries of Europe and within the European Union, there seems to be no end to discussions of policies related to migrants – from the labor migrants who came to Europe more than 40 years ago to the continued requests from prospective migrants who want to immigrate for asylum and family formation. The discussions on what those policies should be, range from multiculturalism to integration and assimilation. Shifts in policies have occurred because of the slow economic and educational progress made by some migrants; by the post-9/11 changes in attitudes and behavior among some Muslim migrants, and by concerns over the increased size of the migrant population.

Abstract: Since 9/11 it has become increasingly difficult to conduct primary researchwith Muslim migrant communities in Europe. In addition to the usual prob-lems such as locating Muslim respondents that cross major demographiccategories and preparing questions that are culturally and linguisticallyappropriate, the tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims that have fol-lowed violent incidents in Europe and North America have increased thelikelihood of misunderstanding in the interview environment. This articleaddresses the management of methodological issues through examplestakenfromfieldworkthattookplaceamongTurkishmigrantsintheNether-lands in 2006.Keywords: migrants, Netherlands, methodology, fieldwork, anti-Muslim,media use Introduction I thought I knew it all; or at least that I knew what to anticipate interms of the problems I would encounter. I had been doing cross culturalresearch in Turkey and in Turkish communities in Europe for thirtyyears. Several of those studies had been conducted with people who livedon the margins in their societies (Ogan, 2001; Ogan and Rush, 1989;Ogan, 1988). In fact it had been almost exactly thirty years since I inter-viewed people for a survey in a Turkish squatter settlement outside An-kara for my dissertation. Over the years I had gained much experiencein conducting interviews with total strangers in contexts that were notalways welcoming to me as an American. For the study of Turkish mi-grants I was about to conduct in the spring of 2006 in Amsterdam, I haddecided to return to a city and a group of migrants with which I wasfamiliar, thinking this would reduce the amount of time needed to rampup for the project. I had spent extended periods of time there over three

Abstract: La pensee magique ou religieuse irrigue le progres technique. On somme la genetique de creer des corps humains sans defaut. En aeronautique, l’automate est concu en partie comme un sosie d’humain, ses organes refletent la representation que se font les ingenieurs d’un operateur sans faute. Telle une divinite, chaque innovation exige le sacrifice au moins symbolique de pilotes d’essais. Puis, tel un chamane, les systemes de vol apportent dans chaque cockpit la «presence absente» du concepteur qui a pense l’action corporelle du pilote, pour la normaliser comme pour la secourir.

Abstract: L’auteur confronte la realite medicale d’un corps-puzzle avec ses organes-«choses», les positions socio-juridiques qui privent les organes preleves de leur filiation, et le vecu des sujets pour leur corps. Diverses problematiques psychologiques – du deuil de l’organe natif a l’integration du greffon etranger – sont discutees au travers des transplantations, en particulier les remaniements de l’Image du Corps, l’investissement identitaire des organes, jusqu’a la situation des organes artificiels.