Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to present an understanding of the structure and characteristics of health insurance data, which should be basically known in order to use this data more effectively to derive more accurate research results across health and medical care, and an effective use method based on it. Methods: The National Health Insurance Sharing Service and Healthcare Big data open system was reviewed to suggest the structure and characteristics of health insurance data and an efficient use method, and Google Scholar and the Korean Studies Information Service System were used to review the overall application method according to the characteristics of healthcare big data and related literature. Results: The types and characteristics of each research data for public use provided by National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA), and the differences between the data of the two institutions were compared and presented. In addition, for the efficient use of health insurance data in healthcare research, understanding the structure and characteristics of health insurance data based on the health insurance system, clear operational definition of analysis variables, adjust bias between comparison groups in case-control study, and the interpretation of analysis results suggest that both statistical and clinical significance should be considered. Conclusions: It is very important to understand the structure and characteristics of health insurance data based health insurance system. And if we consider in more depth ways to efficiently utilize the health insurance data presented in this study, it will be of great help to future researchers and to improve the quality of the research.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors of perceived safety culture, nursing work environment, and professional self-concept on patient safety care activities of nurse in small-medium sized hospitals.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used. Participants were 186 nurses in seven small-medium sized hospitals of a metropolitan city, in Korea. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.Results: The influencing factors of the patient safety care activities were perceived patient safety culture and professional self-concept. These two factors explained for 15.1% of the patient safety acre activities.Conclusions: Based on the result of this study, it is necessary to build a good patient safety culture and to develop a positive professional self-concept. The establishment of a positive safety culture should be prioritized to quickly recognized and sensitively accept problems related to patient safety and actively carry out patient safety nursing activity. In order to improve the professional self-concept, it is necessary to increase the social performance for voluntary cooperation and to recognize the self-categorization that the group to which one belongs is distinguished from other groups.

Abstract: Objectives: This study investigated psychosocial factors that influence nurse’s intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. We focused on factors including COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to COVID-19 vaccines, social contexts, and demographics.Methods: Data were collected from 200 nurses at five hospitals in Daegu between 12 April and 19 June 2021. We assessed COVID-19 knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, safety concerns, COVID-19 exposure, demographics, and the intention to get COVID-19 vaccines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and hierarchial multiple regression.Results: Of 200 participants, 180 (90.0%) reported an intention to obtain a vaccination against COVID-19. Among four health beliefs towards COVID-19 vaccines, perceived severity was the highest. Perceived benefits (r = 0.42, p< 0.001) were positively associated with vaccination intention, while perceived barriers (r = -0.32, p< 0.001) and safety concerns (r = -0.20, p< 0.001) negatively influenced vaccination intention. There were differences in the scores for vaccination intention according to hospital grade and work department. According to the regression analysis, perceived benefits and barriers were discovered to account for 21% of the variance in vaccination intention.Conclusions: This study offers a timely overview of psychosocial factors that are related to nurses’ intention to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The vaccines’ benefits need to be highlighted in campaigns and educations, and it is imperative to remain transparent and truthful in communications about the vaccine safety.

Abstract: The 11th revision the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is new classification system suitable for the pace of development of modern technology. Computerization and ontology-based design are expected to be highly scalable and interoperable in integration and connection with other classification systems. However, when introduced in Korea, structural changes are feared to interfere with the linkage between disease codes. This study briefly introduced ICD-11 and examined related literature and mapping case trends. The interest in ICD-11 in Korea was lower than in other countries, and tend to pay attention to socio-economic repercussions. Research was mainly conducted focusing on ‘Chapter 2 Neoplasms’ and ‘Chapter 6 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders’. Through a mapping case study, it was confirmed that ICD-11 is a highly useful classification system, and guidance on post-coordination, such as the sequence and criteria of the expansion code, is needed. Proper preparation is required until ICD-11 is officially implemented in Korea. The role of the government is important at all stages from the introduction to maintenance of ICD-11, and efforts and attention to adaptation of all classified users in the health care industry are needed.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of distress tolerance and self-directedness on the relationship between grit and problem-solving ability in nursing students.Methods: Participants were 335 nursing students in two universities between September to December 2018. The data were analyzed using a t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Person’s correlation coefficients. In addition, Baron and Kenny’s method was used to analyze mediating effects of distress tolerance and self-directedness between grit and problem-solving ability.Results: Significant correlations were found between grit and problem-solving ability (r = 0.57, p< 0.001), between grit and distress tolerance (r = 0.38, p< 0.001), and grit and self-directedness (r = 0.46, p< 0.001). There were the mediating effects of distress tolerance (z = 5.37, p< 0.001) and self-directedness (z = 7.25, p< 0.001) on the relationship between grit and problem-solving ability.Conclusions: It is necessary to develop and apply the programs that strengthen distress tolerance and self-directedness to improve nursing students’ problem-solving ability.

Abstract: Objectives: This study analyzed and identified factors related to the changes of the daily life, such as the health behavior, the number of meetings, and the use of public transportation during the COVID-19. Methods: A total of 133,707 people out of 229,269 adults aged 19 years or older in Community Health Survey 2020 were analyzed in terms of the daily life changes, including the demographic characteristics, health status, health behavior, mental health, and chronic disease. The multi-variable linear regression analysis was conducted with the considerable variables extracted from the stepwise selection. Results: It was found that age, sex, household type, job, household income, education level, subjective health status, breakfast, stress level, depression, hypertension, and diabetes are related to the changes of the daily life during the COVID-19. In particular, the age of 30s and 40s, women, second generation, white-collar worker, high income, well educated, worse subjective health status, skipping breakfast, high stress and depression factors were closely related to the negative changes of daily life during the COVID-19. Conclusions: The negative changes of daily life during the COVID-19 were more likely to occur in the group of the age of 30s and 40s, women, with high socioeconomic status, with worse health status, with worse health behaviors and with worse mental health.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of violence experience and emotional labor on burnout among tertiary hospital nurses. This study is a correlation study that tests the relationship between variables. Methods: Subjects were 127 nurses working at a Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeong-Nam Province and data were collected from August 27 to 31, 2018. The questionnaire included violence experience, emotional labor, and burnout. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, multiple regression analysis using SPSS Win 21.0. Results: The mean score of verbal violence was 2.21±0.67, that of physical threat was 1.49±0.51, that of physical violence was 1.21±0.21, that of emotional labor was 3.62±0.67, and that of burnout was 3.21±0.60. Burnout has the positive relationship with the emotional labor (r=0.59, p<0.001), verbal violence(r=0.50, p<0.001), physical threat (r=0.44, p< 0.001); emotional labor has the positive relationship with verbal violence (r=0.40, p< 0.001) and physical threat(r=0.44, p< 0.001). Factors affecting burnout included emotional labor (β=0.44, p< 0.001), verbal violence (β=0.26, p=0.001), and unmarried (β=0.22, p=0.001), with 47.2% explanatory power (F=38.17, p<0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that emotional labor and experience of verbal violence are factors that exacerbate burnout in nurses. Therefore, a strategy is needed to reduce emotional labor and exposure to verbal violence.

Abstract: Objectives: This study determined the associated factors with low back pain in intensive care unit nurses.Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, 85 nurses working at five intensive care units completed questionnaires on the low back pain using visual analogue scale (VAS), use of body mechanics, work-related factors, the Oswestry disability index (%), the FACIT-fatigue, and the mini-sleep questionnaire. A back pain score of ≥ 4 was considered significant. Data were analyzed with χ2 test, unpaired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression.Results: Forty-five nurses (52.9%) had a significant low back pain score of ≥ 4 (VAS). Higher low back pain was associated with greater use of body mechanics (r = 0.37, p= 0.001), higher disability index (r = 0.72, p< 0.001), greater fatigue (r = 0.59, p< 0.001), and poorer sleep quality (r = 0.36, p= 0.001). Low back pain was associated with heavy workload (odds ratio, OR: 4.20, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.40-12.58) and long standing to work (OR: 3.54, 95% CI: 1.20-10.48). Low back pain was associated with fatigue (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.30) after adjusting covariates.Conclusions: Low back pain is associated with a heavy workload, long-standing to work, and greater fatigue among intensive care unit nurses.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to verify the mediating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between structural empowerment and quality of nursing work life.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. 134 clinical nurses were participated and completed a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from December 28, 2020, to January 6, 2021 at a university hospital in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Data were analyzed using multiple regression and a simple mediation model applying the PROCESS macro with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval (5,000 bootstrap resampling).Results: Quality of nursing work life showed statistically significant differences by gender, perceived health condition, satisfaction of income, and current work unit. Quality of nursing work life had statistically significant positive correlation with structural empowerment, and psychological empowerment. After controlling general characteristics, psychological empowerment partially mediated the relationship between structural empowerment and quality of nursing work life.Conclusions: In this study, psychological empowerment was shown to partially mediate between structural empowerment and quality of nursing work life. Therefore, further research is needed to develop and apply programs that can improve structural and psychological empowerment. It also requires organizational and institutional efforts to increase psychological empowerment by increasing access to structural empowerment.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate experiences such as working status, adequacy of support system from the nation and local government, and nursing professional pride of nurses working at a Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) designated hospital during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 157 nurses who cared for 851 patients with coronavirus infectious disease during the initial pandemic from February 18 to May 18, 2020. Work-related characteristics, national/local government/institutional support provided for risky nursing care, and nursing professional pride (Korean-Nursing Professional Pride) were surveyed from January 15 to February 15, 2020. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results: Nurses worked 21 to 22 days with 7 to 8 days of overtime working a month and 2.06 hours of overtime working a day due to a shortage of nursing staff. Of them, 97.5% of nurses demonstrated concern about the transmission of COVID-19. Despite the working conditions, many participants perceived national and local government support systems for challenging works as insufficient. However, the nursing professional pride was 3.44, and more than 90% of nurses perceived increased professional awareness of nurses.Conclusions: This study suggested that frontline nurses were overworked due to the explosive increase of patients and inadequately compensated, and policies should be established to improve these issues.

Abstract: Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the effects of digital empowerment teacher training program applying virtual reality on digital media literacy, teacher efficacy, and problem-solving ability of school nurse.Methods: A quasi -experimental study of pre- and post-experimental design was performed on 47 school nurse located in K city and the developed digital empowerment teacher training program was implemented. The data collection period is July 27, 2021, and the collected data is collected using the SPSS 18.0 program. Paired t-test were analyzed.Results: According to the results of the effect, it was found that there was a significant difference in digital media literacy and problem-solving ability.Conclusions: The digital empowerment teacher training program developed in this study can be used as an effective program to enhance the digital media literacy and problem-solving ability of school nurse.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of self-esteem and stress coping styles on resilience in nursing students according to the Myers– Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected from 205 nursing senior students and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Results: In terms of self-esteem, social support-seeking stress coping style, and resilience, extroversion was significantly higher than introversion in MBTI preference. Among all factors, selfesteem had the greatest effect on resilience (r = 0.53), followed by the emotion-focused coping style (r = -0.31) and the problem-focused coping style (r = 0.23), with an explanation power of 57.1%.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that self-esteem is an essential factor affecting resilience. Thus, nursing intervention programs for improvement of resilience in nursing students should be considered by the degree of self-esteem based on the MBTI personality preference.

Abstract: Objectives: In traditionally developed countries, the protective role of higher education on cognitive impairment differed between men and women. This study investigated the moderating impact of sex on the relationship between cognitive function and educational level in older Koreans, who may have experienced inequality in access to educational opportunities in the past.Methods: This study used data from the 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (KLoSA), a nationwide panel survey of community-dwelling older adults. Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score below 24. In univariate analyses, the χ2 test was used to examine the relationship between MMSE and each of sociodemographic and behavioral variables. Multiple logistic regression models were implemented to examine the association between MMSE score and educational level controlling for covariates. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Results: A total of 5,793 respondents were analyzed; 31.53% received no or only primary education. Individuals with up to primary education were more likely than those with college or higher education to have cognitive impairment (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 3.29-3.34, p< 0.001). The association between lower educational level and cognitive impairment was stronger for women than for men; OR was 4.58 for women (95% CI = 4.52-4.65) and 2.98 for men (95% CI = 2.95-3.00).Conclusions: Lower education was associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment and the protective role of education in cognitive function was stronger in women than in men.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of self-leadership, emotional intelligence, social support, and problem-solving ability of nursing college students, and to understand the factors that affect problem-solving ability.Methods: Participants were in 2nd and 3rd grade of nursing students. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis.Results: The significant influencing factors of problem-solving ability were self-leadership. β= 0.36 (p= 0.001), emotional intelligence β= 0.15 (p< 0.04), social support β= 0.29 (p< 0.001) and club activity β= 0.14 (p< 0.02). These factors explained 45.5% of the variance (R2= 0.46, p< 0.001).Conclusions: This study showed that problem-solving ability were influencing factors on self-leadership and it is necessary to develop various strategies to improve self leadership in nursing college students.

Abstract: Predictive models have recently become increasingly important across various fields. In particular, in clinical research, the main purpose is to build a model that can find risk factors and predict a specific disease. Predictive models can help clinicians make fast and accurate decisions by capturing relationships between multiple factors related dependent variables. Accordingly, this paper describes a predictive model construction method and visualization that can be useful in clinical research. As dependent variables can be divided into continuous, categorical, and survival variables, the concepts and principles of linear, logistic, and cox regression analyses for building predictive models are explained in this paper. In addition, we investigated how to select variables to create an optimal model and how to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of the model. A visualization method that can help interpret according to each regression analysis model is also described. This paper will provide basic knowledge for clinical researchers to more easily build predictive models and evaluate them for practical use.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the stress perception of residents in Gyeongsangnam-do in COVID-19 using the original data of the Community Health Survey by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and to suggest effective stress perception management strategies based on this. Methods: Data of 229,270 original data from the Community Health Survey of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2020 during the COVID-19 epidemic period were collected. Frequency analysis and cross-analysis were conducted using SPSS Statistics 27 to identify the factors affecting the stress perception of residents in Gyeongsangnam-do in COVID-19, and a step-by-step selection method of logistic regression analysis was conducted to establish a stress perception management strategy. Results: As a result of this study, women in gender 1.80 (95% confidence interval, CI=1.21-2.67), age 19-44 years 7.68 (95% CI=2.36-25.00) and 45-64 years old (95% CI=1.46-4.21) and occupational administrative 4.50 (95% CI=1.89-10.70), Less than 1 million won in monthly household income is 4.66 (95% CI=1.95-11.15) and 100-3 million won is 2.31 (95% CI=1.00-5.31), residence, Jinhae-si 1.42 (95% CI=0.44-4.62), Sacheon-si 1.73 (95% CI=0.61-4.89), Gimhae-si 2.04 (95% CI=0.68-6.11), Masan-si 1.36 (95% CI=0.41-4.54), Jinju-si 2.26 (95% CI=0.77-6.65), Changwon-si 1.19 (95% CI=0.40-3.52), Currently, smoking oil was 2.02 (95% CI=1.17-3.47) in the presence or absence of smoking. Conclusions: Based on these results, in order to manage short-term stress awareness in Gyeongsangnam-do during the COVID-19 era, it is necessary to strategically implement stress management projects for women with monthly household income of less than 1 million won and 100-3 million won among residents in Jinhae, Sacheon, Gimhae, and Changwon.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between maternal age and pregnancy outcome in primipara. Methods: We evaluated retrospectively the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in primiparous mothers who delivered a fetus after more than 22 weeks of gestation in I hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. The education, occupation, abortion history, assisted reproductive technology (ART) and multiple pregnancy all showed significantly higher incidence, depending on maternal age (p<0.000). Results: The odds ratio in maternal complications was 2.327 times higher in mothers 40 years and above than mothers 29 years and below, and 1.912 times higher in mothers 35-39 years than mothers 29 years and below. The odds ratio in gestational diabetes was 3.337 times higher in mothers 40 years and above than mothers 29 years and below, and 2.698 times higher in mothers 35-39 years than mothers 29 years and below. Conclusions: Consequently, this study showed a significant association between maternal age and pregnancy outcome in primipara. However, as the maternal age increases, the improvement of socioeconomic status and health level are expected to have a greater impact on outcome of pregnancy despite the physical defects of biological aging.

Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the incidence rate of Scrub typhus in farmers. Methods: Data were obtained from 2016 to 2021 in the farmers’ safety insurance from NongHyup Life Insurance. The incidence was defined as a newly diagnosed patients with Scrub typhus in 2016-2020. The incidence rate was confirmed by sex, age and administrative districts. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate of Scrub typhus was 115 per 100,000 people from 2016 to 2020. The crude rate was presented to be 8.9, 43.8, 79.9, 127.2, 156.3, and 174.3 per 100,000 people, respectively, in the 40s to 80s or over. According to administrative districts, the highest crude rate was 201.6 and 193.0 per 100,000 people in Jeonnam and Gyeongnam, respectively, and the lowest crude rate was 6.0 per 100,000 people in Gangwon. And the monthly incidence was 54.3% in November and 32.0% in October, concentrated in autumn. Conclusions: The age-standardized incidence rate of Scrub typhus in Korea was 115.1 per 100,000 people, and it occurred more frequently in the southern regions in terms of administrative districts and increased with age. Based on this, it is thought that it will be helpful in establishing a management plan to prevent Scrub typhus.

Abstract: Objectives: The study was performed to compare the status of nutrition management with and without dietitian in residential facilities in order to provide basic data for high quality of nutrition management services across the country.Methods: Among long-term care facilities with claims of benefits, 747 samples were extracted through a proportionate stratified sampling method based on region, agents of foundation, types of food service, and facility size.Results: The subjects of the survey were dietitian, general managers, or facility directors. Nutrition evaluation, nutrition intervention, and nutrition monitoring were performed by professional staff at the residential facilities with a dietitian. On the other hand, it was found that the rate of nutrition management performance was relatively low in residential facilities where no dietitian was assigned, and it was performed by non-professional personnel such as nurse aids and social workers.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that developing strategies is required to reinforce the safe minimal standard of dietitians’ staffing levels for systematic nutrition management.

Abstract: Objectives: This study examined the effects of a lumbar stabilization exercise program on low back pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, use of body mechanics, and lumbar strength among intensive care unit nurses. Methods: Thirty-five nurses were assigned to an exercise group (n = 18) or a control group (n = 17) from a university hospital-affiliated intensive care unit. The 8-week lumbar stabilization exercise program comprised 30 minutes of stretching, lumbar stabilization exercise, and Mckenzie extension exercise (3 times/week) and a single education session on body mechanics. Outcomes were assessed using questionnaires on low back pain (visual analogue scale), the Oswestry Disability Index (%), use of body mechanics, and back strength (kg). Data were analyzed by χ²-test, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance. Results: The lumbar stabilization exercise program provided improvements in low back pain, the Oswestry Disability Index, use of body mechanics, and back strength Conclusions: Lumbar stabilization exercise program might be a useful strategy for enhancing usage of work-related body mechanics and back muscle strength, and ameliorating low back pain and disability index for nurses working at the intensive care units.

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing selection for rehabilitation hospital in patients who have been diagnosed with stroke.Methods: This study included 169 stroke patients who were admitted to the top 5 hospitals with the highest recovery rate among 13 hospitals where the rehabilitation medicine is operated as the main medical department in Daegu Metropolitan City. The data was collected from 10 February, 2020 to 17 March, 2020, and the survey was conducted by the head of the hospital administration in each hospital for about a month through face to face.Results: Among the factors influencing selection for rehabilitation hospital after stroke, image factors were at the highest mean and standard deviation (3.83 ± 0.74), following human factors (3.75 ± 0.77), physical factors (3.57 ± 0.89), efficiency factors (3.35 ± 0.69), accessibility factors (3.11 ± 1.00). In the demographic characteristics, human factors were considered important when selecting hospital in aged people over 70 years old (p< 0.01). Efficiency factors and human factors were considered important if patients living outside Daegu (p< 0.05), but accessibility factors were more important if patients living in Daegu (p< 0.01). In the stroke related characteristics, the human factors were considered important in the shorter the disease period, and in the case of having swallowing disorders (p< 0.05). When paralysis was affected on both sides (bilateral paralysis), physical factors were considered important (p< 0.05), and efficiency factor was also considered important as the disease periods gets shorter (p< 0.05). Efficiency factors and accessibility were important in the case of not having respiratory disorders compared to those with the respiratory disorders (p< 0.05). The results of the factors for choosing a hospital according to the stroke diseases-related characteristics showed that human factors, physical factors, and hospital image factors were considered important in case of putting much of the efforts to gather hospital information (p< 0.01). When the patients who had rehabilitation in the tertiary hospital prior to the current hospital admission, the physical factors were considered important (p< 0.05).Conclusions: This study found that various factors were considered in patients who have been diagnosed with stroke, when selecting rehabilitation hospital after stroke. Therefore, it should be warranted to provide reliable and objective hospital information for stroke patients through establishing national level health system and sharing rehabilitation data so that the people can get effective rehabilitation at the right time.

Abstract: Objectives: Recently, female smokers are increasing in Korea. This study aims to report the dependence of nicotine and the type of smoking as a factor influencing the success of smoking cessation among female smokers.Methods: Data were collected from the Comprehensive information system for smoking cessation service, and data from 862 women who used the smoking cessation service by Gyeongnam Tobacco Control Center between June 2015, and December, 2018, were used. After controlling demographic and smoking-related variables, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the relationship between nicotine dependence, smoking type, smoking cessation related psychological factors and smoking cessation.Results: The smoking cessation rate of female smokers was 7.8%. Smoking type and nicotine dependence were low in stimulus-seeking type, and high in addiction, habit type, and complex type. After controlling demographic, health behavior and disease variables, the factors affecting female smokers’ smoking cessation were nicotine dependence (odds ratio, OR = 0.49, p= 0.020), preparation (OR = 7.14, p= 0.015), confidence (OR = 7.14, p= 0.015) of smoking cessation. In other words, smoking cessation among women who smoked was higher in the high group than in the group with low anti-smoking preparation and confidence and smoking cessation was higher in the low group than in the high group of nicotine dependence.Conclusions: The actual smoking cessation strategy for women considering related factors of smoking cessation is to reconsider the content of counseling interventions according to the type of smoking and to reduce the dependence of nicotine through a treatment approach for each type, resulting in a higher smoking cessation rate.

Abstract: In this study, we summarized analysis methodologies for each of five sources that electronic medical records, claim data, spontaneous reporting system data, social media data, and knowledge base for pharmacovigilance and research trends. We used PubMed from 2016.01.01. to 2020.12.31. for reviewing, and as a result, spontaneous reporting system data tended to be used the most, followed by electronic medical records. As for the analysis methods, data mining was applied the most, followed by traditional statistical analysis. We need an appropriate research design, because each data source has different characteristics and analysis methods applied depending on the subject.

Abstract: Objectives: In this study, we explore the demand forecasting of Advanced Diagnostic imaging Equipment.Methods: The analysis was based on logistic diffusion model. We analyze the specific pattern of each equipment’s diffusion curve by interpreting the parameter estimates of logistic diffusion model.Results: Our findings are follows. First, Computed tomography is in the stage of saturation and so, the future demands of that is not too large. Second, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is expected that it will take about 5 years to reach saturation, and further growth is expected to continue. Third, Positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to be saturated, and therefore, it is not expected that there will be a rapid increase in demand in the future. However, since demand data has been declining since 2000, it is said that additional data collection is required to reliably predict future demand.Conclusions: As a result of analyzing the demand for three major advanced diagnostic imaging equipment, it was found that the domestic market is generally in saturation. Therefore, a future research task will be to predict and analyze the demand for advanced diagnostic imaging equipment in consideration of the government’s policy changes.

Abstract: Propensity score matching (PSM) is one of the most widely-used causal inference methods to estimate the causal estimands such as average treatment effect or average treatment effect on the treated from observational studies. To implement PSM, a researcher first selects an appropriate set of confounders, estimates the propensity score, and matches the treated group with the control group using a matching algorithm such as nearest neighborhood or optimal matching. In this paper, we highlight the importance of investigating the assumptions employed in the PSM procedure thoroughly because they strongly affect the analysis result, but are not testable using observational data. We explain how to exploit the domain knowledge to avoid the potential risks from the violation of the untestable assumptions, and show how the research purpose is linked to selecting the matching algorithm and downstream analysis after PSM. In addition, to examine the vulnerability of the causal result, we highlight the use of sensitivity analysis for the analysis after PSM. These points are demonstrated in detail using National Supported Work data.

Abstract: Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the effect of health behaviors practice on mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from 16th (2020) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey were used. The study sample included 54,948 middle and high school students. The data were analyzed using Rao-Scott χ2, t-test, and complex samples logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of subjects with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation was 9.2%, 25.2%, and 10.9%, respectively. Health behaviors practice such as smoking, drinking, weight control, exercise, eating breakfast, sufficient sleep, and fruit intake were found to be significantly related to mental health. After controlling general characteristics, mental health factors such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation were influenced by health behaviors practice. Conclusions: Interventions, including comprehensive health behaviors, should be strengthened to prevent mental health problems in adolescents.

Abstract: As the healthcare environment is being digitalized and changed rapidly, research using medical big data is increasing. One of the most applicable data is electronic medical records which can provide a large amount of clinically practical meaning. Electronic medical data include patient’s demographic information, laboratory test results, imaging and biosignal data. In this article, we provide support for a wide variety of researchers in their efforts to use electronic medical record data accurately and usefully in their work. From the basic concept of the research using electronic medical records to challenging aspects like data integration between multiple institutions are described. Also, examples of each type of data are covered; structured such as numeric data and unstructured such as images, biosignals and narrative text. Using these kinds of electronic medical records, analyses are processed by data cleansing, transforming, and reducing in order. Many kinds of variables such as the exposure and outcome of interest, covariate and the research design can be chosen during the preprocessing. As many machine-learning-based studies as well as epidemiologic-based studies have been conducted using electronic medical records, various research frameworks have been proposed. However, data quality management and data standardization for multicenter data analysis are still remaining as challenging tasks.

Abstract: Objectives: This was a pilot study to investigate the possibility of clinical analysis to support the lack of sample size of real data and to generate synthetic data. Since real data has many limitations, such as ethical issues and costly issues, there have been many attempts to create realistic synthetic data. The focus is on whether synthetic data can be used instead of real data. Methods: This study analyzed 11,978 lung cancer patients who used anticancer drug therapy using synthetic data as a quasi-experimental study. Clinically significant variables were extracted and some tables containing patient status and treatment records were preprocessed. This experiment was applied to the propensity score matching technique to prevent the bias of covariates. Then, the preprocessed data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: When plotting the survival curves, the curves from the synthetic data did not match the curves for the actual data of the other covariates. In Cohort 1, Gen I had a better 5-year OS than Gen II (S1=0.973, S2=0.953, p<0.05). Similarly, Gen I anti-cancer was better than Gen III in Cohort 2 (S1=0.990, S3=0.884, p< 0.05). In the exploratory sub-group analysis using the Cox regression model, the risk ratio was estimated. We found that Gen I had a better effect on hazard ratio than Gen II and III. However, those results were different from the actual trend. Conclusions: It was found that the analysis based on the DATA-FREE-BOX data was different from the trend of the survival analysis conducted with the real data. The trend of this analysis could be different from the real trend. It will be able to contribute to data-validation. Moreover, it is expected that the same methodology can be applied in clinical studies based on actual data by utilizing the technique used in this study.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aims to suggest a depression prediction model using variables indirectly related to depression, which helps determine whether the target is depressed. Methods: This study using Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHSA)’s 2011, 2014, 2017 National Survey of Older Koreans, and the total number of subjects of the study is 30,571 elderly people 65 years of age or older. Results: The analysis way is deep learning especially Wide & Deep Learning model that separately learns simple data and complex data. The dependent variable is depression, and the independent variable is a total of 30 variables related to personal attributes, economic status, human relationships, health status, health behavior, and life satisfaction. As a result of the main study, all the independent variables used were found to be correlated with depression, performance of Wide & Deep model is 77.9% accuracy, 65.7% recall, 73.8% precision, 85.5% specificity, 69.5% F1-score, 85.3% AUROC, 90.0% AUPRC. Conclusions: It is expected that it will be helpful for the welfare of the elderly by searching for depressed patients at a lower cost and searching for potential depressed patients who want to hide their depression.