TL;DR: This review article concentrates on the summarization of the recent progress in the fabrication and application of microbial biosensors based on amperometry, potentiometry, conductometry, voltammetry, microbial fuel cell, fluorescence, bioluminescence, and colorimetry.

TL;DR: The design, construction, and testing of a contact lens with an integrated amperometric glucose sensor is reported, proposing the possibility of in situ human health monitoring simply by wearing a contact eye, with good linearity for the typical range of glucose concentrations in the tear film.

TL;DR: In this paper, a graphene/Pt-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was created to simultaneously characterize ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid(UA) levels via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV).

TL;DR: Efforts have been made to discuss and explore various characteristics of PANI responsible for direct electron transfer leading towards fabrication of mediator-less biosensors.

TL;DR: This paper focuses onCP-based sensor elements and the state-of-art of CP-based sensing devices that have potential applications as tools in clinical diagnosis and surgical interventions and some of the key issues related to CPs are highlighted.

TL;DR: Nano nickel oxide (NiO) modified non-enzymatic glucose sensors with enhanced sensitivity with excellent electrocatalytical activity and assay performance are investigated and can be used for the assay of glucose in real sample.

TL;DR: The principles of operation of electrochemical biosensors based on CILEs and IL/composite-modified macrodisk electrodes are discussed and emphasis is given to direct electron-transfer reaction and electrocatalysis of hemeproteins and enzyme-modified composite electrodes.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized Au clusters exhibited highly intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and a sensitive and selective method forxanthine detection was developed using xanthine oxidase (XOD) and the as-prepared BSA-Au clusters.

TL;DR: There is an urgent need for the development of rapid, competent, and reliable methods for direct detection and identification of foodborne brown pathogens, and foreseeable future trends in biosensor research activities are presented.

TL;DR: The P-AuNPs displayed the most obvious response to mercury ions in water in contrast to lead and copper ions, and the real water sample analysis verified the conclusion.

TL;DR: Findings show that AC is a cost-effective material for oxygen reduction that can still produce ~750 mW/m(2) after 1 year, and suggest that the degradation in cathode performance was due to clogging of the AC micropores.

TL;DR: The current scientific and engineering challenges involved in developing practical bio-fuel cell systems are described, with particular emphasis on a fundamental understanding of the reaction environment, the performance and stability requirements, modularity and scalability.

TL;DR: An electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of DA was successfully constructed as demonstration based on the synthesized GSCR-MIPs nanocomposites and revealed a lower limit of detection and wider linear response compared to some previously reported DA electrochemical MIPs sensors.

TL;DR: A simple method to detect fungi toxin (ochratoxin A) produced by Aspergillus Ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosumm is developed, utilizing graphene oxide as quencher which can quench the fluorescence of FAM attached to toxin-specific aptamer.

TL;DR: This study fabricated a glucose biosensor by immobilizing glucose oxidase into AgNP/F-SiO(2)/GO nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for glucose detection and demonstrates that the resultant glucose bios sensor can be used for the glucose detection in human blood serum.

TL;DR: These microfluidic immunosensors employing nanostructured surfaces and off-line analyte capture with heavily labeled paramagnetic particles hold great promise for accurate, sensitive multiplexed detection of diagnostic cancer biomarkers.

TL;DR: The fabrication and testing of a multiplex immuno-disc sensor for the specific detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus is described and a compact portable device which converts the color intensity of the gold nanoparticles that accumulate at the test region into a quantitative voltage reading proportional to the bacterial concentration in the sample is described.

TL;DR: This work provides a useful avenue for implementing ER-GNO as a new generation of electrochemical transducer in disposable electrode, which could expand the scope of graphene constructed electrochemical biosensing devices and hold great promise for routine sensing applications.

TL;DR: Results indicated that PdNPs/CS-GR nanocomposites held great potential for construction of a variety of electrochemical biosensors.

TL;DR: The robust selectivities, sensitivities, and stabilities determined experimentally indicated the great potential of NiNPs/SMWNTs nanohybrids for construction of a variety of electrochemical sensors.

TL;DR: An ultrasensitive nucleic acid biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase-gold nanoparticle dual labels and lateral flow strip biosensor (LFSB) that shows great promise for in-field and point-of-care diagnosis of genetic diseases and for the detection of infectious agents.

TL;DR: The ssDNA-GO architecture probe has been successfully applied in the multiplex detection of sequence-specific DNA, thrombin, Ag(+), Hg(2+) and cysteine, and the limit of detection was 1 nM.

TL;DR: The detection of dissolved avidin concentrations as low as 15 nM or 1 μg/ml is demonstrated using functionalized slotted photonic crystal cavities with integrated microfluidics with high sensitivity over an extremely small area.

TL;DR: G-CdS nanocomposite not only can be used for immobilizing GOD, but also can be extended to other enzymes and bioactive molecules, thus providing a promising platform for the development of biosensors.

TL;DR: A simple and selective sensing system for protein recognition has been realized that integrated the high selectivity of molecular imprinting technology and fluorescence property of QDs and could convert the specific interactions between imprinted cavities and corresponding template to the obvious changes of fluorescence signal.

TL;DR: The GOD/poly(ViBuIm(+)Br(-))-G/GC electrode displayed an excellent sensitivity, together with a wide linear range and excellent stability for the detection of glucose, which generate a promising platform for the construction of mediator-free enzymatic biosensors.

TL;DR: Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-modified glassy carbon electrode is used to detect the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DNA by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and provides a new method to detect DNA with high sensitivity (10(-13)M, i.e., 100 fM) and selectivity.

TL;DR: The optical transducer of CdTe semiconductor quantum dots has been integrated with acetylcholinesterase enzyme by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique, resulting in a highly sensitive biosensor for detection of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables and fruits based on enzyme inhibition mechanism.

TL;DR: The successful integration of μPAD and CL reaction made the final biosensor inexpensive, easy-to-use, low-volume, and portable for uric acid determination, which also greatly reduces the cost and increases the efficiency required for an analysis.