TL;DR: In this article, Haskell et al. proposed a boundary condition for the diffusion equation in radiative transfer, which is based on the partial-current and extrapolated boundary conditions, which are commonly applied to the surface of a semi-infinite turbid medium.

TL;DR: The results illustrate that the hydroxyl groups at the third and fourth positions, and the aromatic group at position seven, are not essential in determining K+ selectivity.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the effects of ECM on CSK mechanics are not due to changes in osmotic or hydrostatic pressures, rather, ECM alters CSKstiffness and apparent viscosity by binding integrins, promoting formation of molecular links with the CSK, transmitting mechanical stresses across these linkages, and inducing structural rearrangements within a continuous, tensionally integrated CSK lattice.

TL;DR: Simulations are presented to show that certain fluorescence observables directly track the population of states in an unfolding transition, whereas other observables skew the transition toward the dominant fluorescing species.

TL;DR: A simplified version of the model of the activation and inhibition of the IP3 receptor Ca2+ channel in the ER membrane is used to illustrate the way in whichCa2+ buffering can affect both the amplitude and existence of Ca2- oscillations.

TL;DR: The results indicate that a large part of the sarcomere compliance of an active muscle is caused by the extensibility of the actin and myosin filaments; 42% of the compliance resides in the act in filaments, and 27% of it is in the myosIn filaments.

TL;DR: The relative abundance and rates of production of different-length A beta and its exposure to radical damage may be factors in the accumulation of A beta in plaques in vivo.

TL;DR: A transient aqueous pore theory is used to estimate the fraction of the membrane area, Fw(t), which is temporarily occupied by water-filled pores for short square, exponential, and bipolar square pulses, and it is found that a quantitative description of electroporation requires that a pore size distribution, rather than a single size pore.

TL;DR: The results are discussed with respect to a stochastic local control model for excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, and it is proposed that the fundamental unit of E-C coupling consists of one dihydropyridine receptor activating a small group of ryanodine receptors (possibly four) in a square packing model.

TL;DR: Force curves were recorded as the sample was raster-scanned under the tip, opening new opportunities for imaging with the atomic force microscope: several characteristics of the samples can be measured simultaneously, for example, topography, adhesion forces, elasticity, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions.

TL;DR: A systematic study using the Surface Forces Apparatus to measure directly the interactions between two phosphatidyl ethanolamine lipid bilayers, finding that the force becomes repulsive at all separations and that the thickness of the steric barrier could be controlled easily by adjusting the concentration of the modified lipids.

TL;DR: Steady-state and kinetic properties of gating currents of the Shaker K+ channels were studied in channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and recorded with the cut-open oocyte voltage clamp and a sequential model is able to reproduce all the kinetic and steady-state properties and predicts many of the properties of the ionic currents.

TL;DR: In hydrated 1,2-diacyl PC bilayers, the patterns of infrared absorption exhibited by ester carbonyl groups located at the primary and secondary positions of the glycerol backbone are similar and suggest that the acyl-alkyl PCs are suitable models of their diacyl analogue.

TL;DR: A magnetically driven bead micro-rheometer for local quantitative measurements of the viscoelastic moduli in soft macromolecular networks such as an entangled F-actin solution is described, demonstrating that the magnetic bead micro

TL;DR: This work shows that the potential-sensitive fluorescent dye 1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-[beta[2-(di-n-octylamino)-6- naphthyl]vinyl]pyridinium betaine (di-8-ANEPPS) can be used to measure changes in the intramembrane dipole potential and suggests that the gradient in Dipole potential occurs over a span s5 A, a short distance

TL;DR: The purpose of this work was to analyze the contribution of the mitochondria to the optical properties, i.e., light absorption and scattering, of the blood-free rat liver and found that the mitochondrial compartment is the primary factor for the light scattering in the rat liver.

TL;DR: A new mode of operation is described in which the standard V-shaped silicon nitride cantilever is oscillated under liquid and damped by the interaction between AFM tip and sample surface, making it possible to study physiological processes, such as cell growth, with a minimal level of perturbation and high spatial resolution.

TL;DR: Knowing the myofibrillar component of passive tension allowed us to infer the stress-strain relation of titin, the polypeptide thought to support passive force in the sarcomere, which is similar to that reported for elastin.

TL;DR: The dynamics and enzymatic degradation of single DNA molecules can now be observed with the atomic force microscope with a combination of two advances: Tapping in fluid has reduced lateral forces, which permits the imaging of loosely adsorbed molecules; and the presence of nickel ions appears to form a relatively stable bridge between the positively charged mica and the negatively charged DNA phosphate backbone.

TL;DR: An algorithm is developed that enables investigators to perform a statistical analysis on long DNA sequences to locate possible coding regions and supports the claim that there is a fundamental difference in the correlation property between coding and noncoding sequences.

TL;DR: The intrinsic pKa values of the phosphate groups of phosphatidylcholine and PC andosphatidylethanolamine in self-organized monolayers deposited on a hanging mercury drop electrode were determined by a novel procedure based on measurements of the differential capacity C of this lipid-coated electrode.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the DLPE bilayer interface can correlate itself with another DLPE interface by alignment of the regions of positive (or negative) charge on one leaflet with the opposite charges on the opposing leaflet, which results in a surface that has regions ofpositive and negative charge that reside in the same plane along the bilayer normal.

TL;DR: Lateral diffusion and fluorescent probe permeation measurements yield insight into the continuity of the lipid layers and show that monolayers exposed to air are much less sensitive towards polymer heterogeneities than bilayers below water, which is explained in terms of the wetting laws.

TL;DR: Results indicate that KCa channels possess at least one fenamatereceptor whose occupancy leads to channel opening, and niflumic acid applied from the external side did not interfere with channel block by charybdotoxin, suggesting that its site of action is not at or near the charyBDotoxin receptor.

TL;DR: Virtual electrode effects of unipolar stimulation occur in myocardial fibers, and for sufficiently strong stimuli the virtual electrode effects may influence electrical behavior of the myocardium.

TL;DR: A simple model is proposed where the solvent distribution measured perpendicularly to the protein surface is utilized to reconstruct the simulated network of hydration within 6 A from theprotein surface with a relative error of only 17%.

TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that significant membrane binding of MARCKS requires both hydrophobic insertion of the N-terminal myristate into the bilayer and electrostatic association of the single cluster of basic residues in the protein with acidic lipids.

TL;DR: This article presents a simple theory of RD rate enhancement for reaction-limited receptors that are either reversible or irreversible binders that is applicable to actual ligand/receptor systems with binding success probabilities at the opposite extreme from the perfect sink/diffusion-limited models.

TL;DR: Nonstationary noise analysis revealed that both rat and human ClC-1 have a low single channel conductance, which may explain the lack of single-channel data for chloride channels from skeletal muscle despite its high macroscopic chloride conductance.