TL;DR: It is suggested that stimuli such as exposure to sudden darkness could be used proficiently to trigger the expression of anxiety-like behaviors in laboratory settings and is constituting a valuable tool for stress and central nervous system research as well as for preclinical drug screening and discovery.

TL;DR: A model is presented proposing that sequence learning is underwritten by parallel, interacting processes, including internal model formation and sequence representation, that are instantiated in specific cerebellar, BG or M1 mechanisms depending on task demands and the stage of learning.

TL;DR: Olfactory identification and recognition appear as the most interesting candidates to be included in a battery to detect subclinical cases in AD and detection thresholds should be included on such a battery for subclinical PD patients.

TL;DR: The accumulated evidence from different approaches converges to support a role for the dentate gyrus in pattern separation, however inconsistencies that may require incorporation of neurogenesis and hippocampal microcircuits into the currents models are found.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the edge preference in zebrafish larvae is a measure of anxiety and further illustrate that the pharmaceuticals used in the study have different mechanisms of action.

TL;DR: Pre-experimental exposure (familiarization) to objects, habituation to treatment procedures, and the use of relative discrimination measures when using the ORT are suggested to take into consideration.

TL;DR: This review discusses the now rather extensive literature showing that new neurons are kept alive by effortful learning, a process that involves concentration in the present moment of experience over some extended period of time.

TL;DR: It is revealed that chronic sleep deprivation impaired both (short- and long-term) memories (P<0.05), while vitamin E treatment prevented such effect, probably through its antioxidant action in the hippocampus.

TL;DR: Craving of online game addicts was successfully induced by game cue pictures and crave related brain areas are: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and right inferior parietal lobe.

TL;DR: This review focuses on how hippocampus-dependent behaviors activate adult-born neurons and how modulation and ablation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis alter spatial and associative memory.

TL;DR: It is shown that one injection of LPS leads to sickness behavior, but 7 consecutive days does not, indicating tolerance to the endotoxin, which resulted in increased Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus and cognitive deficits in mice.

TL;DR: Results indicate that microglial activation is significantly increased in the infralimbic, cingulate and medial orbital cortices, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, amygdala and hippocampus of the mouse brain as a function of UCMS, suggesting that UCMS could be a potentially reliable model to study depression-induced neuroinflammation.

TL;DR: It is found that offspring born to high-fat diet mothers showed increased anxiety-like behaviors, but intact conditioned fear response and exploratory behavior, suggesting that maternal high-Fat diet consumption during critical periods in the development of the fetus, might increase the risk of abnormal behaviors in adulthood related to anxiety.

TL;DR: The involvement of VEGF signaling in the etiology and treatment of depression is discussed and one interesting candidate is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is known to possess strong neurogenic effects.

TL;DR: This work summarizes the different behavioral paradigms to test hippocampus-dependent cognition and the need to develop neurogenesis-dependent tasks and indicates that young and aged mice are equivalent in their cognitive ability.

TL;DR: This is the first study to show that the strength of corticospinal activation during imagery, which may be a determinant of the effectiveness of imagery training, is related to imagery ability in the general population, and has implications for clinical programs.

TL;DR: 3xTg-AD mutant mice are characterized by parenchymal Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles resembling those found in patients with Alzheimer's disease and did not differ from controls in pain thresholds, nest-building, and various reflexes determined by the SHIRPA primary screen.

TL;DR: Extinction of two different aversive tasks is modulatable by various systems, which bears upon the behavioral and pharmacological treatment of fear-motivated brain disorders.

TL;DR: The notion that the beneficial effects of 17β-estradiol over spatial reference memory and depressive-like behavior are evident only when hormone therapy occurs at early ages and early stages of hormonal decline is supported.

TL;DR: The effects of sex on tests of depression- and anxiety-like symptoms, learning and memory, and responses to stress in rats are outlined and sexual dimorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor levels, neurogenesis and plasticity, and responsiveness to drugs of abuse are reviewed.

TL;DR: Zebrafish is a suitable model for studies on female aggression and sex differences in brain monoaminergic neurotransmission, and dyadic agonistic interaction resulted in elevated brain serotonergic activity in subordinate zebrafish.

TL;DR: It is concluded that behavioral assays with zebrafish embryos could be useful for pharmaceutical efficacy and toxicity screening, and the precise phenotypic outcome obtained with behavioral assay varies with compound class.

TL;DR: It is concluded that relatively small numbers of neurons could affect hippocampal circuits and that the magnitude of adult neurogenesis in adult rats and humans is probably larger than generally believed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that working memory capacity may not be the factor limiting maximal rate of visuomotor adaptation in young adults, and that training-related improvements would boost the rate of early visuumotor adaptation, a form of motor learning.

TL;DR: It is suggested that LPS most prominently affects object exploratory behaviors by impairing cognition and/or motivation including continuous attention and curiosity toward objects, and that this may be associated with activation of brain nuclei such as the central amygdala.

TL;DR: These findings support a simulation account of perceptual face processing based on a sensorimotor mirroring mechanism, and are the first report of distinct EEG mu responses to observation of positively and negatively valenced emotional faces.

TL;DR: A relatively-small sample of single-unit responses to stimuli in the amygdala furnished a more sensitive index of emotional valence than freezing behavior, which is suggested to reflect the detection of a stimulus change, whereas tonic responses indicate the valence of the detected stimulus.

TL;DR: It is described that repeated treatment with low doses of reserpine progressively induces alterations in motor function and an increase in striatal oxidative stress, indicating a possible application of this model in the study of the neuroprogressive nature of the motor signs in PD.

TL;DR: Differences in both blood glucose and GLP-1 release in saccharin animals were rapid and transient, and suggest that one mechanism by which exposure to high-intensity sweeteners that interfere with a predictive relation between sweet tastes and calories may impair energy balance is by suppressing GLP, which could alter glucose homeostasis and reduce satiety.