Showing papers in "Archivos Latinoamericanos De Nutricion in 2008"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined the centesimal composition and some bioactives compounds of the whole fruit and fractions of two varieties of jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) using a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme (4 factors: whole fruit, skin, pulp and seed).
Abstract: RESUMO A jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) e uma fruta nativa brasileira e pouco se conhece sobre os constituintes quimicos nas diversas partes do fruto, principalmente, em relacao aos compostos bioativos Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composicao centesimal e alguns compostos bioativos no fruto inteiro e nas fracoes da jabuticaba de duas variedades (Paulista e Sabara) O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 3, sendo 4 fatores, fruto inteiro, casca, polpa e semente; 2 variedades de jabuticabas e 3 repeticoes Os frutos foram colhidos, selecionados, pesados, sanitizados, separados em fruto inteiro, casca, polpa e semente, que foram triturados, congelados e liofilizados ate peso constante Os teores de proteina bruta e extrato etereo foram baixos Os teores de cinzas nao variaram entre as fracoes, exceto para as cascas da variedade Sabara que apresentaram os maiores teores As fibras alimentares apresentaram diferenca significativa entre as fracoes, nao variando entre as duas variedades As cascas apresentaram os maiores teores: 33,80 g/100g na Paulista e 33,23 g/ 100g na Sabara, sendo o maior percentual de fibras insoluveis O maior teor de extrato nao nitrogenado foi encontrado na polpa e o menor na casca, nao se diferenciando entre as variedades Quanto aos compostos bioativos, foram analisados saponinas, acido oxalico, inibidor de tripsina, polifenois e lectinas Destes apenas os polifenois nas fracoes casca apresentaram niveis elevados, necessitando de caracteriza-los, a fim de se verificar se o fruto e seguro para ser usado na industria alimenticia Palavras chave: Jabuticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora, fracoes do fruto, nutrientes, compostos bioativos SUMMARY Chemical characterization of the jabuticaba fruits (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) and their fractions Jabuticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, is a native Brazilian fruit; very little is known about the chemistry of its components, specially the bioactives compounds The purpose of this paper was to determine the centesimal composition and some bioactives compounds of the whole fruit and fractions of two varieties of jabuticaba (Paulista and Sabara) The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme (4 factors: whole fruit, skin, pulp and seed; 2 varieties: Paulista e Sabara, and 3 replicates) The fruits were sampled, selected, weighted, sanitized and fractionated into whole fruit, skin, pulp and seed that were grinded, frozen and lyophilized to a constant weight Protein contents and of ether extract were low for all fractions The ash contents indicate elevated levels of minerals, specially on the Sabara variety The content of alimentary fibers differed widely among fractions, with no differences between varieties The skin fractions presented the highest levels of fiber, 3380 g/100g on Paulista and 3323 g/100g on Sabara, most of it was insoluble fibers The greatest amount of non nitrogen extract was found in the pulp fraction, while the lowest was found in the skin, with no differences between varieties Regarding bioactives compounds, only polyphenols were presented at considerable levels in all the fractions but the pulp one, showing the need for better characterization before using the fruit in the food industry
111 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a revision aborda la influencia of la familia sobre the conducta alimentaria infantil in relation with the obesidad, tanto desde la perspectiva del ambiente familiar compartido como desde the herencia genetica.
Abstract: La conducta alimentaria es el conjunto de acciones que establecen la relacion del ser humano con los alimentos. Se acepta generalmente que los comportamientos frente a la alimentacion se adquieren a traves de la experiencia directa con la comida, por la imitacion de modelos, la disponibilidad de alimentos, el estatus social, los simbolismos afectivos y las tradiciones culturales. Ademas de las influencias sociales, se ha senalado que las influencias geneticas y de ambiente familiar compartido, tienen un impacto relevante sobre el patron de ingesta, la conducta alimentaria y la obesidad infantil. Los estudios sobre ingesta de alimentos en obesidad se han centrado principalmente en determinar la cantidad y tipo de alimentos de la dieta habitual, presentando resultados controversiales. Tambien existe un interes creciente por explorar la relacion entre la obesidad y la conducta de alimentacion, medida a traves de herramientas psicometricas que analizan diferentes dimensiones tales como la alimentacion emocional, la alimentacion sin control o la restriccion cognitiva. Esta revision aborda la influencia de la familia sobre la conducta alimentaria infantil en relacion con la obesidad, tanto desde la perspectiva del ambiente familiar compartido como desde la herencia genetica
92 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the intake of nutritional and dietary supplements in a group of 415 individuals (260 males and 155 females) from 4 gyms in Seville (Spain) was evaluated.
Abstract: The abuse of all types of substance to improve sport performance and physical fitness has spread to regularly gym users. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of nutritional and dietary supplements in a group of 415 individuals (260 males and 155 females) from 4 gyms in Seville (Spain). The users completed a previously designed questionnaire whose content validity had been tested in a pilot study. Out of the total sample, 56.14% had consumed a supplement at some time. Among these, the objective was improvement of physical appearance in 57.16%, health care in 16.7%, and sports performance enhancement in 13.2%. The profile of the supplement consumer is a young man who has performed activities in gyms for some time, goes to the gym for several hours a week and is on some type of diet. The percentage of nutritional supplement users (56%) is within values reported in other studies. The five supplements most frequently consumed by these individuals were (in decreasing order): proteins (28%), L-carnitine (18.6%), sport drinks (18.3%), creatine (17.1%) and vitamin complex (17.1%).
55 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It can be concluded the traditional methods of cooking fish and shrimps have an effect on their nutrient composition and heavy metal content hence, it is advisable to avoid excessive frying and use minimal salt.
Abstract: This study analyzed eight cooked species of fish and one species of shrimps (grilled, curried, fried and cooked in rice) commonly consumed in Bahrain for their proximate, mineral and heavy metal content. The results reveled that the protein content was in the range of 22.8-29.2 g/100 g, while the fat content was between 2.9-11.9 g/100 g. The energy content was the highest in the fried Scomberomorus commerson being 894.2 KJ/100 g, followed by Scomberomorus commerson cooked in rice (867.3 KJ/100 g). The samples also had a considerable content of sodium ranging from 120-600 mg/100 g, potassium (310-560 mg/100 g) phosphorous (200-330 mg/100 g), magnesium (26-54 mg/100 g) and zinc (0.4-2.0 mg/100 g), while the other minerals were present to a lower extent. Lead was present to an extent of 0.30 microg/g in the grilled Plectorhinchus sordidus while Lethrinus nebulosus cooked in rice contained 0.35 microg/g of mercury. Cadmium levels were constant at <0.02 microg/g. It can be concluded the traditional methods of cooking fish and shrimps have an effect on their nutrient composition and heavy metal content hence, it is advisable to avoid excessive frying and use minimal salt. In addition, consuming of a wide variety of species of fish and alternating between the various modes of cooking is the best approach to achieve improved dietary habits, minimizing mercury exposure and increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake.
54 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The final conclusion was that the prevalence of overweight was high in this population of school-aged boys and there was a significant relationship between poor physical fitness, low levels of physical activity, and overweight.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Relationship between overweight, physical activity and physical fitness in school-aged boys in Bogota Colombia. The objective was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and its association with physical activity and fitness among boys attending a private school in Bogota, Colombia. 655 boys between 7 and 18 years self-reported their physical activity habits and underwent anthropometric (weight, height, fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance), and physical fitness measurements (PACER, sit and reach, curl-ups, push-ups and hand dynamometry). The association between weight status and physical activity and fitness were assessed by logistic regression models. The outcome was that 38% of the boys were overweight according to the BMI of the Colombian population (WHO criteria), 17,7% according to international BMI cut-offs and 16,9% showed values of % fat over 25 (Fitnessgram criteria). A relation was found between being overweight and having poor performance in the aerobic fitness test (adjusted OR: 3,7, IC 95%:1,6 – 8,3) and reported not walking or riding a bicycle for at least 30 minutes, 5 times a week (OR adjusted 3,6, IC 95%: 1-13,0). These results did not change when different criteria to define overweight was applied. The best level of agreement for overweight classification was found between fat percentage and the international BMI cut-offs (kappa=0,616, p<0.001). Overweight was not associated to TV watching time, video games or use of Internet. The final conclusion was that the prevalence of overweight was high in this population of school-aged boys. There was a significant relationship between poor physical fitness, low levels of physical activity, and overweight. It is important to encourage and monitor children’s levels of physical activity as well as the results of fitness test for the prevention of overweight and related cardio-metabolic complications.
52 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, pectins from cocoa hulls were extracted at different pH and temperature conditions, and their main chemical characteristics were evaluated using a TA-XT2 texturometer.
Abstract: Commercial exploitation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) generates a volume of hulls that could be used in the production of pectins on an industrial scale. Therefore, pectins from cocoa hulls were extracted at different pH and temperature conditions, and their main chemical characteristics were evaluated. EDTA at 0.5% was used for the extraction at pHs 3, 4 and 5 and temperatures of 60, 75 and 90 degrees C, under a 3 2 factorial design. The response variables were yield, content of anhydrous galacturonic acid (AGA), content of metoxil, degree of esterification and equivalent weight of the pectins extracted. The strength of the pectic gel was determined with a TA-XT2 texturometer. Strawberry jam was made with the pectin extracted, and its acceptability was determined using a 7-point hedonic scale. The results obtained were as follows: an extraction yield from 2.64 to 4.69 g/100 g; an AGA content between 49.8 and 64.06 g/100 g; a content of metoxil between 4.72 and 7.18 g/100 g; a degree of esterification between 37.94 and 52.20%; an equivalent weight from 385.47 to 464.61 g/equivalent of H+, and a degree of gelation between 28.64 and 806.03 g force. The pectin extracted at pH 4 and 90 degrees C showed a gelation power of 422.16 g force, purity 62.26 g/100 g of AGA, and a yield of extraction of 3.89 g/100 g and allowed to prepare ajam with an average level of liking of "like moderately". Pectins from cocoa hulls show potential application in the food industry, but it is necessary to optimize the extraction parameters to increase its yield.
45 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is found that the trout is the species with major quantity of oily acids n-3 specially DHA and of the minerals the phosphorus, and all of them are a good source of protein.
Abstract: This research involves the nutritional characterization of the most commonly cultivated fish in the region. The species under study were: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), tilapia roja (Oreocliromis sp), cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus), bocachico (Prochilodus reticulatus magdalenae) and catfish (Pseudoplatystoma faciatum). A sea fish, coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), was used as reference because it is the imported species most used in the region, and it also contains n-3 fatty acids. For each fish sample moisture, ash, protein content, total fat, minerals (iron, calcium and phosphorous) and a fatty acid profile were determined. Results show a total protein content in between 16.4 and 22.6 g/100 g fillet for fresh water fish. Total fat amounts for trout are the highest (8.1 g/100 g fillet), while catfish has the lowest fat content (0.4 g/100 g fillet). Trout was found to be the most important source of n-3 fatty acids (EPA+DHA) and phosphorous, with values ranging from 0.25% to 0.52%, and 250 to 346 mg/100 g fillet, respectively. Catfish and trout exhibited the highest iron content, with values ranging from 3 to 6mg/100 g fillet. Salmon, on the other hand, showed a high n-3 fatty acid content of 1.16% to 2.25%, when compared to fresh water fish. Calcium content is low in all species under scrutiny. Fresh water fish, other than trout, show no significant amount of n-3 fatty acids. However, all of them are a good source of protein. The obtained results allowed to determine the profile of oily acids of produced fish for human consumption in the region, demonstrating that the trout is the species with major quantity of oily acids n-3 specially DHA and of the minerals the phosphorus. Other species (kinds) catfish, bocachico, tilapia and cachama, are not a source of oily acids n-3, but they are an important source of protein.
36 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Total polyphenol content shows a good correlation with the antioxidant activity of several seeds, nuts, or grains and might have the same health beneficial effects attributed to other fruits and vegetables.
Abstract: Foods from plant origin not only provide human diet with certain antioxidant vitamins (C, E and beta-carotene), but also a complex mixture of polyphenols, with antioxidant activity. Numerous studies have been focused on the protective and preventing effect of this antioxidant activity on certain degenerative illnesses such as cardiovascular, cancer, and neurological diseases, cataracts and oxidative stress dysfunctions. The objective of this work was to evaluate total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of several seeds, nuts, or grains such as Theobroma cacao, Canpsiandra comosa Benth (chiga), Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench, Melicoccus bijugatus (genip). Total polyphenol content was assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the antioxidant activity by the beta carotene/linoleate, reducing power, and the anti-radical activity methods. Results showed genip pericarp with the lowest polyphenol content (1.40 gGAE/100 g), and cacao beans with the highest (6.66 gGAE/100 g). Reducing power of cacao beans was also the highest and similar to the reducing power of 5.80 g ascorbic acid/100 g, followed by Campsiandra comosa. Moreover, Campsiandra comosa and cacao seeds presented an antioxidant activity comparable to that of the butylhydroxianisol, a synthetic antioxidant. The highest anti-radical activity was shown by Campsiandra comosa with an EC50 of 2.67 g/gDPPH. Total polyphenol content shows a good correlation with the antioxidant activity. Moreover, these seeds might have the same health beneficial effects attributed to other fruits and vegetables.
35 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Los frutos maduros de tres especies de algarroba procedentes de Bolivia, una y una de Brasil fueron estudiadas para determinar algunos factores nutricionales y antinutricionale y los niveles encontrados son considerados bajos.
Abstract: Los frutos maduros de tres especies de algarroba procedentes de Bolivia (Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stunz, P. alba Grisebach y P. nigra (Grisebach) Hieronymus) y una de Brasil (P.juliflora (SW) DC) fueron estudiadas para determinar algunos factores nutricionales y antinutricionales. P. nigra presento los niveles mas elevados de proteina bruta (11,33 g/100g materia seca-MS), cenizas (4,12 g /100g MS) y P. juliflora los menores niveles de lipidos (0,79 g /100g MS), proteina bruta (8,84g / 100g MS), fibra alimentaria (40,15 g/100g MS), el nivel mas elevado de azucares no reductores (52,51 g/100g MS) y la mayor digestibilidad* proteica in vitro (66,45%). La cantidad de inhibidor de tripsina (0,29 a 9,32 UTI / mg MS) fue inferior al de la soya cruda, en la cual la P. juliflora se destaco. Con relacion a la saponina, hemaglutinina y polifenoles, los niveles encontrados son considerados bajos. Los niveles encontrados de nitrato son mas elevados que los reportados en arvejas y frijoles, siendo la P. chilensis la que presento el mayor valor (2,92g NO3 - /kg MS). Los niveles de fitatos en las muestras variaron de 1,31 a 1,53 g/100 g MS
34 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in the province of Concepcion constitutes a public health problem that needs to be addressed and it is slightly higher to that recently observed in the county of Puente Alto, Santiago.
Abstract: Previous studies in Santiago, Chile have established that anemia in the earliest stages of pregnancy is a public health issue. The situation in other parts of the country is unknown. The purpose of this study is to establish the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in the province of Concepcion and evaluate its association with maternal nutricional status and fetal growth. The study included 1782 women with singleton pregnancies who began prenatal check-ups in 2004 at the public primary health care centers. Anemia was established using the following criteria: from WHO (Hb < 1 Ig / dl) and from the USA Center for Disease Control (CDC) (Hb < percentile 5 for each gestational week). Anemia prevalence was compared in relation to independent study variables: maternal age, parity, morbidity and smoking habit, and mother and child anthropometry. A multivariable logistic regression model studied the possible effect of anemia on fetal growth. The prevalence of anemia was 10.9% and 14.5% using the WHO and CDC criteria, respectively. The mother's nutritional status was significantly associated with anemia. However, anemia according to WHO and CDC criteria at the beginning of pregnancy was not significantly associated to fetal growth in the univariate and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of anemia in the province of Concepcion constitutes a public health problem that needs to be addressed and it is slightly higher to that recently observed in the county of Puente Alto, Santiago.
26 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is also necessary to emphasize that as well as the weight loss, ketogenic diets are healthier because they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and diminish resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin.
Abstract: It is also necessary to emphasize that as well as the weight loss, ketogenic diets are healthier because they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and diminish resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin. Such diets also have antineoplastic benefits, do not alter renal or liver functions, do not produce metabolic acidosis by Ketosis, have many neurological benefits in central nervous system, do not produce osteoporosis and could increase the perfomance in aerobic sports.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Obesity was significantly associated with gender, age and region, indicating higher odds ratios among boys, children aged 10 to 13 years and children from the South and Southeast regions.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian schoolchildren according to gender, age and geographic region. A descriptive association study was conducted on 36,976 schoolchildren (20,914 boys and 16,062 girls aged 10 to 15 years) between 2004 and 2005 using secondary data originating from a school-based cross-sectional epidemiological survey. The cut-off body mass index proposed by the International Obesity Task Force was used as diagnostic criterion for overweight and obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 11.9% and 2.6%, respectively, with a higher proportion of overweight among girls and of obesity among boys. An association was observed between overweight, age and region, with the demonstration of higher odds ratios for overweight among children aged 10 to 13 years and children from the South, Center-West and Southeast regions. Obesity was significantly associated with gender, age and region, indicating higher odds ratios among boys, children aged 10 to 13 years and children from the South and Southeast regions. Although lower than that observed in most developed countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian schoolchildren is a matter of concern. In this respect, health policies and strategies should take into account gender and age of the individuals and geographic region of the country.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a trabajo comparing the acidez libre, pH, the contenido de cenizas, nitrogeno, and the humedad of guayaba was conducted.
Abstract: La guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) es una fruta tropical de gran aceptacion en los tropicos, donde se consume fresca y procesada. En este trabajo se comparo la acidez libre, el pH, el contenido de cenizas, nitrogeno y la humedad, junto con el contenido de polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante de la piel, el casco y la pulpa de la fruta fresca, y de la pulpa procesada y la mermelada de guayaba. El mayor contenido de polifenoles fue encontrado para la piel de la guayaba (10,36 g/100 g piel) y el menor en la mermelada (1,47g/ 100g mermelada), expresados en base seca. Se encontro que la capacidad antioxidante de la piel fue diez veces superior a la de la pulpa, y la de la mermelada el doble que la del casco
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The high prevalence of anemia, iron and folic acid deficiencies found, indicates an important health and nutrition problem that should be immediately and properly addressed.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of anemia and deficiencies of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 in Betania del Topocho, a Piaroa community from Estado Amazonas, Venezuela, a zone with a high incidence of malaria. The group studied included 184 subjects of all ages that assisted to the local health center for malaria diagnosis. Analysis performed included hematology by coulter counter, ferritin quantification by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies and folic acid and vitamin B12 determinations by an immunoradiometric assay. It was found that the prevalence of anemia was 89.6% and deficiencies of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12 affected 37.1,70.3 and 12.4% of the population studied, respectively. Plasmodium infection was detected by molecular diagnosis in 53.2% of the cases, and 86% of them were anemic. The highest incidence of anemia was found in children, with a prevalence of 100% in infants of both sexes. The high prevalence of anemia, iron and folic acid deficiencies found, indicates an important health and nutrition problem that should be immediately and properly addressed. The number of cases of anemia due to iron deficiency could be underestimated, since ferritin concentration increased as a acute phase protein, although prevalence data was also analyzed with a cutoff point of 30 microg/L for ferritin concentration.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: BIA as tested here is a valid method for the estimation of SMM in elderly men and its values can be best predicted using the regression model proposed, which included Ht 2 /R adjusted for body weight and age.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Use of bioelectrical impedance for the estimation of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men. The aim of the present study was twofold: a) to determine the agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for the estimation of skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and b) to analyze the predictive power of anthropometric variables and BIA for the prediction of SMM in the elderly. Sixty elderly men (61 to 80 years) from the southern region of Brazil were studied. Anthropometric variables (body weight and height) were measured, the resistance and hydration of fat-free tissues variables were determined by tetrapolar BIA (BF-310, Biodynamics). A whole body DEXA scan was also performed (Lunar Prodigy DF + 14319 Radiation and 7.52.002 DPX-L software). Differences between methods were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of residues and correlation coefficient. The predictive value of the anthropometric variables and BIA was evaluated by multiple linear regression. BIA overestimated SMM on average by 0.60 kg (sd=1.59) when compared to DEXA, however, no statistical difference was observed (p>0.05). There was a strong correlation between methods (r=0.90; p<0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated that the Ht2/ R variable explained 86% of the variation in SMM when adjusted for body weight and age, and this relationship did not depend on body fat, hydration of fat-free tissues or BMI. Thus, BIA as tested here is a valid method for the estimation of SMM in elderly men and its values can be best predicted using the regression model proposed, which included Ht 2 /R adjusted for body weight and age.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misinta paramo of Merida state were characterized to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green).
Abstract: Venezuelan bee pollen has not been characterized, and marketing is not regulated. Pollen is consumed for apitherapeutical purposes for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This product of the hive is the most popular after honey; therefore it is necessary to characterize and to value it to initiate a database to support the proposal of a norm for bee pollen quality control. Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misinta paramo of Merida state were characterized accoridng to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green). Yellow pollen was the most frequent fraction, with 2.18 g ash/100 g, 5.37 g ether extract/100 g, 14.88 g moisture/100 g, and 37.32 g proteins/100 g.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The prevalence of overweight and obesity, calculated through the BMI, differs substantially according to the reference and cut-off points used, and each of the references should be used with care.
Abstract: The evaluation of child nutritional status is highly dependent on the growth charts used. The aim of this study was to compare different references assessing overweight and obesity in children population, through the Body Mass Index. A total of 737 healthy children born at term, aged 2-5 years, were included (cross-sectional study). The participation was voluntary and consent. Body Mass Index (kg/m2) was estimated. The measurements techniques were based on national guidelines. We compared three references: (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (> Pc85: overweight; > Pc95: obesity; (2) International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (sex-age-specific body mass index cut-offs); (3) World Health Organization (WHO) (+2 standard deviation: overweight; +3: obesity). The Epi Info 6.0 software was used to the statistical evaluation (chi2, p < or = .05%). The prevalence of overweight was 1.1 and 2.33 times higher in CDC application respect to the IOTF and the WHO references respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 2.1 times higher in IOTF application respect to the WHO references (p = .00001). The prevalence of obesity was 5.4 and 23.9 times higher in CDC application respect to the IOTF and the WHO references respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 4.4 times higher in IOTF application respect to the WHO references (p = .0000001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity, calculated through the BMI, differs substantially according to the reference and cut-off points used. In the absence of even a single criterion, each of the references should be used with care.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the studied population, malnutrition (stunting, underweight and wasting) and parasite infection still represent serious public health problems and the risk factors identified in the present study confirm the influence of socio-economic factors on the nutritional status of children.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors in children aged 0-10 years attending outpatient clinics in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A cross-sectional epidemiological study of a population of 347 children was conducted. Data concerning socio-economic levels and food consumption were obtained by interviewing the accompanying guardian of each child. Dietetic evaluation was conducted using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and faecal samples were examined by optical microscopy. Anthropometric measurements were transformed into percentiles and z-scores, and nutritional status was evaluated by reference to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) indicators. Factors associated with undernutrition were analysed using a random-effects logistic regression model. The overall prevalences of underweight, stunting and wasting were 18.1, 15.5 and 10.7%, respectively, with reference to CDC growth curves, and 14.3, 17.3 and 4.4%, respectively, with reference to NCHS growth curves. The overall prevalence of wasting was statistical higher according to the CDC reference than that estimated using the NCHS reference (P=0.02). The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites was 58.8%. Risk factors associated with malnutrition were: low educational level of guardian respondent (OR=4.55), energy intake <54.5 kcal/kg (OR=4.55), children in age group 6-10 years (OR=3.54), and attendance at outpatient clinic for paediatric visit (OR=2.71). In the studied population, malnutrition (stunting, underweight and wasting) and parasite infection still represent serious public health problems. The risk factors identified in the present study confirm the influence of socio-economic factors on the nutritional status of children.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: St stature was identified as the parameter most associated with productivity, independent of age and body fat percentage, and multiple regression analysis identified the importance of good nutritional status throughout life for full development of working productivity.
Abstract: Undernutrition, especially in the prenatal period and/or until 5 years of age, can cause stunting. Adults with short stature resultant from this process show a series of functional deficits, amongst which is a reduced capacity to do physical work. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the dietary pattern, nutritional status and stature of sugarcane cutters, and to determine possible associations with worker productivity. Sixty-two male sugarcane cutters (18-50 y) were selected randomly from a population of 600 workers from a plantation in Alagoas (Brazil), and classified as underweight, normal weight or overweight according to BMI (BMI = 21.5, 21.5 to = 25 and >25 kg/m2, respectively). Body fat composition (%) was estimated by electrical bioimpedance and dietary intake by the direct weighing of food consumed. Whilst the average productivity was 8.13 ton/day, labourers with normal BMI values were more productive (9.12 ton/dia) and ingested significantly (p<0.05) greater amounts of energy (16506.4 kJ/dia) than their underweight (7.48 +/- 1.5; 12380.7 +/- 4184.1) or overweight (9.12 +/- 1.5; 16506.4 +/- 6360.0) counterparts, respectively. There were associations (p<0.05) between productivity, stature, energy intake and age. The tallest individuals (= 170 cm) had higher productivity and tended to have a higher energy intake, whilst those with the shortest stature (= 160 cm), had a significantly lower productivity, however ingested a similar quantity of energy, and tended to have a large accumulation of body fat. Multiple regression analysis identified stature as the parameter most associated with productivity, independent of age and body fat percentage. Productivity of the tallest individuals was 1.87 ton/day higher than that of the shortest individuals. The results emphasise the importance of good nutritional status throughout life for full development of working productivity.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Quality protein maize (QPM), with twice the amount of tryptophan and lysine than conventional maize, has improved the nutritional status of severely malnourished children and has no effect on the incidence of diarrheal episodes or respiratory infections.
Abstract: Quality protein maize (QPM), with twice the amount of tryptophan and lysine than conventional maize, has improved the nutritional status of severely malnourished children. This double-blind clinical study evaluated the impact of QPM on the growth and morbidity of mild and moderately malnourished children. In a Nicaraguan day care center, 48 children 1 to 5 years old who were malnourished (> 2 indicators with conventional) was a statistically important factor (P < 0.01). The QPM snack, however, had no effect on the incidence of diarrheal episodes or respiratory infections. In conclusion, QPM improves the nutritional status of pre-school children who are mild or moderately malnourished but has no effect on the incidence of diarrheal episodes or respiratory infections.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: After treatment, patients with Bulimia nervosa had less distorted beliefs about food, less guilty after eating "forbidden" foods and they felt more tranquil while eating outside home, while other negative behaviors, as dietary restriction, the desire of not eat, being angry when feeling hungry and using the food to relive stress, persisted.
Abstract: Eating attitudes are defined as beliefs, thoughts, feelings and behaviors towards food. Bulimia nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder, in which the eating attitudes are seriously disturbed. Studies that evaluated nutritional aspects of BN focus mainly on food intake, dietary restriction and binge eating, while the follow-up studies evaluate mainly clinical symptoms. The objective of this study was to evaluate eating attitudes of patients with BN, during and after cognitive-behavioral intervention. Thirty nine (39) BN female patients received cognitive behavioral treatment with a multidisciplinary team and had eating attitudes assessed by a questionnaire developed for this research. Frequencies of the attitudes assessed were compared at baseline, after 12 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment. After treatment, patients had less distorted beliefs about food, less guilty after eating "forbidden" foods and they felt more tranquil while eating outside home. Other negative behaviors, as dietary restriction, the desire of not eat, being angry when feeling hungry and using the food to relive stress, persisted. Eating attitudes of patients with BN are hard to be changed in a short-term. More attention to this disease's component and new approaches to treatment are needed in order to have a better recovery.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: For instance, the authors show that the use of fitasas exogenas (myo-inositol hexafosfato fosfohidrolasas) procedente de diferentes origenes puede tener un importante eficacia en alimentacion animal.
Abstract: Algunos metodos empleados durante el procesado industrial de cereales y leguminosas producen una reduccion en la concentracion de acido fitico presente, sin embargo, esta reduccion o inactivacion es solo parcial. Con la finalidad de mejorar la hidrolisis del acido fitico, se ha comprobado que la adicion de fitasas exogenas (myo-inositol hexafosfato fosfohidrolasas) procedente de diferentes origenes puede tener una importante eficacia en alimentacion animal. Diversos estudios sobre el empleo de fitasas exogenas en alimentacion humana han demostrado un gran potencial para su empleo en mejora de la disponibilidad mineral, pudiendo esta capacidad ser utilizada para reducir el elevado riesgo que presentan ciertos grupos de la poblacion expuestos a padecer deficits minerales como los vegetarianos, los ninos alimentados con formulas infantiles elaboradas con soja o los habitantes de paises en vias de desarrollo en los que alimentos ricos en acido fitico como los cereales y las leguminosas son la base de su nutricion. No obstante, en los ultimos anos han surgido evidencias que demuestran que el acido fitico ejerce una importante accion beneficiosa sobre el organismo
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The highest phenolic content was found in the guava skin la (10.36 g/100 g skin) and the lowest in the jam (1.47 g/ 100 g jam), in dry weight.
Abstract: Guava (Psidium guajava L) is a tropical fruit widely relished in the tropics, consumed fresh and processed In this work, free acidity, pH, ash, nitrogen and water contents were measured, besides the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant capacity of the peel, the shell and the pulp of the fresh fruit and the processed guava pulp and jam The highest phenolic content was found in the guava skin la (1036 g/100 g skin) and the lowest in the jam (147 g/ 100 g jam), in dry weight The antioxidant capacity of the skin was 10 times higher than that of the pulp, and the jam was twice that of the shell
Journal Article•
TL;DR: La evaluacion sensorial se realizo con un panel de seis evaluadoresentrenados y se aplico el Analisis Descriptivo Cuantitativo, y se aprecia that el mejor resultado se obtiene cuando el tiempo de tratamiento termico es deun minuto.
Abstract: Pea flour (Pisum sativum) is a relatively cheap protein source and it is scarcely utilized in making widely consumed products. It provides a good opportunity to improve the amino acidic profile. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the enzymatic inactivation of pea on bread characteristics, made with levels of 5, 10 and 15% of pea flour. Protein and lysine contents were determined and then chemical score obtained considering lysine as limiting amino acid. Sensory evaluation was carry out by six trained panelists using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05. Residual lipoxygenase activity was 48.6% when heat treatment was made during 1 minute, and only 2.1% when the heat treatment was carry out during 1.5 minutes. Highest specific volumes of bread were obtained with pea flour treated during 1 minute. The sensory evaluation by panel determined that pea flour at a level of 5% could be successfully substituted for both heat treatments. But pea flour substitution at levels of 10 and 15% had adverse effects on specific volume and sensory characteristics.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The item gasto de alimentos/bebidas de la IV and V Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, realizada by INE cada 10 anos, was evaluated in this paper for calculating the Indice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC).
Abstract: Se presentan los cambios en la disponibilidad de alimentos en hogares del Gran Santiago 1988-1997, obtenidos por muestra representativa y se analiza posible relacion con los cambios en el perfil epidemiologico nacional. Se evaluo el item gasto de alimentos/bebidas de la IV y V Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, realizada por INE cada 10 anos para calcular el Indice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Se ordenaron los alimentos por grupo homologando el gasto en alimentos entre ambas encuestas; asignando precios segun producto; se determinaron las unidades fisicas de alimentos consumidos dentro y fuera del hogar. El gasto en alimentos aumento, determinando una mayor disponibilidad de alimentos para el total hogares y quintiles de ingreso, incrementandose mas en quintiles mas pobres. Se eleva el consumo aparente de cereales procesados, productos de pasteleria, carnes de ave y cerdo, lacteos procesados, jugos preparados y bebidas, cremas, mayonesa, comidas preparadas para llevar al hogar y comidas fuera del hogar. Pescados, verduras y frutas aumentan levemente con una gran disminucion de las legumbres. El perfil alimentario actual se caracteriza por mayor disponibilidad de productos de origen animal y alimentos procesados; aumentando la densidad energetica, calorias grasas, grasas saturadas, azucares simples de alto indice glicemico; baja la disponibilidad de alimentos aportadores de antioxidantes, fitoquimicos, fibra dietaria y acidos grasos omega 3. Estos cambios probablemente han impactado notablemente el perfil epidemiologico y nutricional del pais, manifestandose por aumento epidemico de la obesidad, y las enfermedades cronicas relacionadas con la dieta y la inactividad fisica
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results indicated that cooperative learning strategies could improve the nutrition knowledge of nursing staff and provide direction to continuing nutrition education program planners regarding appropriate content and methodology for programs.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cooperative learning strategies will help to increase nutrition knowledge of nurses and nursing assistants caring for the elderly in different institutional communities of the Basque Country, Spain. The target population was a sample of volunteers, 16 nurses and 28 nursing assistants. Training consisted of 12 nutrition education sessions using cooperative strategies conducted over a period of 3 consecutive weeks. The assessment instruments included two pretest and two posttest questionnaires with questions selected in multiple-choice format. The first questionnaire was about general knowledge of applied nutrition (0-88 point scale) and the second one on geriatric nutrition knowledge (0-18 point scale). Data were analyzed using SPSS vs. 11.0. The outcomes indicated a significant increase in general nutrition knowledge (difference between the pre- and post-test mean score: 14.5+/-10.1; P<0.001) and in geriatric nutrition knowledge for all participants (difference between the pre- and post-test mean score: 4.6+/-4.6; P<0.001). So the results indicated that cooperative learning strategies could improve the nutrition knowledge of nursing staff. Additionally, the results of this study provide direction to continuing nutrition education program planners regarding appropriate content and methodology for programs.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The conclusion of this study is that a high percentage of the lactating women consume a diet below nutritional recommendations during this stage and it is recommended that health professionals should inform these mothers about the correct dietary habits during this period.
Abstract: 2) sanas y con lactancia exclusiva, mediante Encuesta Dietetica de Recordatorio de 24 horas y utilizando el software Dial ® , centrandonos en el aporte diario de calcio y vitamina D. La poblacion a estudio se agrupo en funcion de si su ingesta en calcio era mayor (no restrictivas) o menor (restrictivas) a la Ingesta de Referencia para la Poblacion segun la Union Europea. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron inicialmente que en un 64% de dicha poblacion (restrictivas) el aporte energetico seguia una tendencia deficitaria, siendo de 2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal. Ademas su ingesta de calcio (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/dia) fue inferior (p 1200 mg/day). The results showed that 64% of the study population (restrictors) reported a mean energy intake (2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal), calcium intake (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/day) and vitamin D intake (1.71 ± 1.59 µg/day) below the adequate intake level (AI) and lower than non-restrictors estimated intakes (p<0.01). The conclusion of this study is that a high percentage of the lactating women consume a diet below nutritional recommendations during this stage. It is recommended that health professionals should inform these mothers about the correct dietary habits during this period.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This intervention demonstrated to be effective in early modulation of preschool children dietary intake, one of the important risk factors for obesity and chronic diseases.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the change on the energy and macronutrients intake in obese and eutrophic preschoolers, attending National Board of Day Care Centres (JUNJI), in the eastern area of Santiago, as product of an educational intervention in intake, nutrition and physical activity, sustained in the theory of the social cognitive learning and the model of community organization. The sample comprised of thirty five obese children, plus eighty five eutrophic children (4-5 years olds). Energy intake was evaluated, measuring full two days a week plus one weekend day. At the day care centre, all ingested food was weighed, and when back at home, child food-intake was recalled. During the stay at the day care centres, the intervention produced a reduction in: energy, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in obese girls (p<0.05), energy and carbohydrate in obese boys (p<0.01), lipids and carbohydrates, in eutrophic girls and boys (p<0.05). When at home, intake reduced in: energy and lipids in the obese girls and eutrophic boys (p<0.05), lipids in eutrophic girls (p<0.05). During the weekend, obese boys, reduced the intake of calories (p<0.05) and lipids (p<0.05). In obese girls the reduction was in calories (p<0.05) and carbohydrates (p<0.05). In eutrophic girls and boys, lipid intake was reduced as well as, protein intake was increased (p<0.01). In conclusion, this intervention demonstrated to be effective in early modulation of preschool children dietary intake, one of the important risk factors for obesity and chronic diseases.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of exercise at the beginning of the eating disorder, and to analyze possible differences in the kind of exercise, according to age, sex and diagnostic subgroups.
Abstract: Intense physical activity has been reported in patients with eating disorders, and hyperactivity can be found in more than 80% in severe stages. The beginning of food restriction occurs at earlier ages if there is an intense physical activity; body dissatisfaction is more intense among patients who practice exercise; and the presence of intense activity in anorexia nervosa usually precedes to the restrictive diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of exercise at the beginning of the eating disorder, and to analyze possible differences in the kind of exercise, according to age, sex and diagnostic subgroups. In order to evaluate the exercise 745 patients were assessed by the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). The presence of physical activity (driving to caloric consumption, weight loss or modification of body shape), kind of activity, and its intensity were considered. Only the presence of moderate or high intensity clearly related with the mentioned objectives was considered. 407 patients (54.63%) engaged in exercise: 68.96% with anorexia, 68.96% with bulimia, and 34.73% with other non-specified eating disorders. There were not significant differences between men and women. Hyperactivity was the most frequent (47.42%), followed by gym activity (25.79%). Taking into account the different clinic subgroups, we could observe significant differences. To assess eating disorders, a correct evaluation of the physical activity should be necessary in order to include this aspect in treatment programs.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Palavras-chave et al. as discussed by the authors evaluated the effect of parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats and found that rice is an important energy source and can represent more than 60% of the calories of the human diet.
Abstract: RESUMO. O amido e uma importante fonte energetica podendo representar mais de 60% da ingestao calorica na dieta humana. A fracao do amido, que e resistente a digestao enzimatica, e denominada de amido resistente. Na parboilizacao de arroz ocorre a retrogradacao do amido, com a formacao do amido resistente tipo 3 (retrogradado), que apresenta efeitos beneficos a saude, por atuar como prebiotico. Neste estudo, tres amostras de arroz com alta, media e baixa amilose foram selecionadas, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de arroz convencional e parboilizado na glicemia de ratos Wistar. As amostras com alta e media amilose foram encharcadas durante 6h a 65°C e a amostra com baixa amilose durante 7h a 70°C, posteriormente foram autoclavadas em pressao 0,7 kgf.cm -2 durante 10 minutos. Utilizouse 6 ratos Wistar, machos, adultos por tratamento. Foram elaboradas 7 dietas experimentais, formuladas de acordo com AIN-93M, dieta controle e, dietas com substituicao da fonte de carboidratos por arroz convencional e parboilizado. Determinou-se amido resistente nas dietas e a glicemia foi monitorada por leitura de glicofita, com sangue da parte distal da cauda do rato. Para a curva glicemica as medidas de glicemia foram feitas em jejum, e ao longo de 90 minutos. Os resultados indicam que nao foram encontradas diferencas significativas entre as dietas formuladas com arroz de alta, media e baixa amilose, parboilizado ou convencional na glicemia de jejum e pos-prandial de ratos Wistar. Palavras-chave: Arroz, amido resistente, amilose, parboilizacao, glicemia, rato. SUMMARY. The effect of parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats. Starch is an important energy source and can represent more than 60% of the calories of the human diet. The starch fraction resistant to enzymatic digestion is called resistant starch. When rice is parboiled, the starch retrogrades with the formation of type 3resistant starch (retrograded), which presents beneficial effects on the health, since it acts as a prebiotic. In the present study three types of rice were selected, with high, medium and low amylose contents, with the objective of evaluating the effects of conventional and parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats. The samples with high and medium amylose contents were soaked for 6 h at 65oC, and the low amylose sample for 7 h at 70oC. The samples were subsequently autoclaved for 10 minutes at 0.7kgf.cm -2 . Six male Wistar rats were used for each treatment. Seven experimental diets were elaborated, formulated according to AIN-93M, the control diet and diets substituting the carbohydrate source with conventional or parboiled rice. Resistant starch was determined in the diets and glycemia monitored using glucose paper strips, the sample being blood obtained from the distal part of the rat’s tail. For the glycemic curve, glycemia was measured in the fasting state and during 90 minutes post-prandial. The results indicated there were no significant differences between the diets formulated with high, medium and low amylose, parboiled or conventionally prepared, with respect to fasting or post-prandial glycemia in Wistar rats.