Abstract: In this study, the hybrid silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si)–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosystems are suggested as sensitive elements to the creation of an ammonia sensor. The transport of charge carriers in the nc-Si–RGO nanosystem was studied in the 25 Hz–1 MHz frequency range. It is shown that an increase in the RGO content leads to decreasing the electrical resistance and increasing the capacity of the obtained nanomaterial. An essential increase in the electrical conductivity under influence of ammonia molecules was detected. To estimate the sensing properties of our nanosystems, their sensing abilities and dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The response time of the sensory elements to changing the concentrations of ammonia molecules was about 20 s.

Abstract: This study is to implement an easy and greener method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fungal extract and investigate their antioxidant (DPPH), antifungal (Aspergillus niger) and cytotoxic effect against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by several analytical techniques, such as UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of analyses using spectroscopy (UV and FTIR) and diffraction (XRD) were compared and discussed with available literature. Electron microscopic techniques, such as SEM and TEM, illustrated spherical AgNPs. The inhibition of free radical DPPH by AgNPs was significant. The cytotoxicity of AgNPs was dose-dependent, and therefore, an increase in cell death was obtained with increasing concentrations of AgNPs. The IC50 values were found to be 34.27 µL/mL for the AgNPs and 17.69 µL/mL for the standard drug, Cisplatin. According to the knowledge of the authors and published literature, this is the first-ever report on the synthesis of AgNPs using the fungus Cladosporium halotolerans and evaluation of their biological activities.

Abstract: This work presents an experimental investigation on the use of CNT/Al $$_{2}$$ O $$_{3}$$ hybrid nanoparticles in a Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) system to enhance the photovoltaic electrical efficiency by reducing the temperature of PV cell. An experimental comparison on thermal and electrical efficiency of PV panel with and without cooling is experimentally analyzed. Furthermore, instead of using a serpentine tube collector, a spiral tube collector is used to enhance the rate of heat transfer from the photovoltaic panel. From the experimental results it is found that the enhancement is observed in the average electrical efficiency with water and nanofluid in the spiral tube collector and found as 7.15 and 8.2% respectively, whereas, the standalone photo voltaic panel it is found as 6.2%. The efficient removal of heat from the collector increased the power production by 11.7 and 21.4% using water and hybrid nanofluid in the PV/T system respectively, while compared to standalone PV system. Similarly, the overall PV/T efficiency using hybrid nanofluids in the spiral tube collector enhances by 27.3% than using water medium.

Abstract: Deepfake network is a prominent topic of research as an application to various systems about security measures. Although there have been many recent advancements in facial reconstruction, the greatest challenge to overcome has been the means of finding an efficient and quick way to compute facial similarities or matches. This work is created utilizing the rationale-augmented convolutional neural network (CNN) on MATLAB R2019a platform using the Kaggle DeepFake Video dataset with an accuracy of 95.77%. Hence, real-time deepfake facial reconstruction for security purposes is difficult to complete concerning limited hardware and efficiency. This research paper looks into rational augmented CNN state-of-the-art technology utilized for deepfake facial reconstruction via hardware such as webcams and security cameras in real time. Additionally, discuss a history of face reconstruction and provide an overview of how it is accomplished.

Abstract: Drug delivery is a method to control the delivery of pharmaceutical compound to achieve therapeutic effect in humans or animals. Several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used in chemotherapy are cytotoxic to both cancer and normal cells. The combination of anticancer immunotherapy and conventional therapy is attractive as the new strategy to treat cancer whilst reducing cytotoxic side effects on the normal, healthy cells. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been developed as active drug delivery agents with anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. The AgNPs exhibit enhanced physicochemical, optical, electrical, thermal and catalytic properties as compared to the bulk material. There are advantages as drug carriers including adjustable size and shape, high-density surface ligand attachment, enhanced stability for surface-bound nucleic acids, protection of the attached therapeutics from degradation, transmembrane delivery without harsh transfection agents, and high potential for improved timed/controlled intracellular drug delivery. However, AgNPs are toxic to normal cells and synergistic applications with natural products have been explored. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide that has been widely explored for the development of anticancer therapies due to its ability to target CD44 receptors on cancer cells. HA can be used as a carrier and form conjugates with other drugs or for the delivery of multiple drugs to various pathological sites, for timing and targeted release. A novel HA-based strategy for the green synthesis of AgNP utilizes HA as reducing agent and stabilizer. Other most studied carrier systems to enhance drug delivery are lipid-based nanoparticles and liposomes. In pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, liposome has been used to transport various molecules, and liposomal encapsulation of anti-cancer drugs is a stable platform for targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs for cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of major development for novel delivery of drugs, highlighting the application of newly developed nano-carriers in combination therapies, immunomodulation, and theranostics, for encapsulating and targeting active molecules.

Abstract: Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has been one of the most commonly used nanoparticles since the past decade for a wide range of applications, including environmental, agricultural, and medical fields, due to their unique physicochemical properties and ease of synthesis. Though chemical and physical methods of fabricating AgNPs have been quite popular, they posed various environmental problems. As a result, the bioinspired route of AgNP synthesis emerged as the preferred pathway for synthesis. This review focuses extensively on the biosynthesis of AgNP-mediated through different plant species worldwide in the past 10 years. The most popularly utilized application areas have been highlighted with their in-depth mechanistic approach in this review, along with the discussion on the different phytochemicals playing an important role in the bio-reduction of silver ions. In addition to this, the environmental factors which govern their synthesis and stability have been reviewed. The paper systematically analyses the trend of research on AgNP biosynthesis throughout the world through bibliometric analysis. Apart from this, the feasibility analysis of the plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications have been intrigued considering the perspectives of engineering, economic, and environmental limitations. Thus, the review is not only a comprehensive summary of the achievements and current status of plant-mediated biosynthesis but also provides insight into emerging future research frontier.

Abstract: Stefan blowing phenomenon in electrically conducting Sutterby material flow over stretchable rotating disk is demonstrated in this research. Cattaneo-Christov (CC) model of energy diffusion is adopted to analyze the heat transmission. Buongiorno model is carried out to evaluate the involvement of nanoparticles. The formulated system of partial differential expressions is re-structured by the enactment of similarity functions. Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF) fourth-fifth order process has been executed to communicate the solution of velocity, thermal and solutal fields. The velocity, concentration, thermal fields, skin friction, rate of mass and heat transportations are explored for the embedded non-dimensional parameters graphically. Result reveals that the rise in Stefan blowing factor leads to an enhancement in radial and tangential velocities gradients. The velocity of nanomaterial is reduced by the incrementing material parameter values. The augmenting magnetic parameter values reduced the liquid velocity but improves the temperature. The thermophoretic force and Brownian motion involvement resulted the higher thermal field.

Abstract: Renewable plant materials are of interest for the development of new biodegradable materials. The study describes the preparation process of nanocellulose from organosolv reed pulp (ORP). ORP was obtained from reed stalks in two stages: by extraction of the raw material with NaOH solution and cooking using a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Nanocellulose was extracted from ORP using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in a TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system followed by ultrasonic treatment to obtain a stable nanocellulose gel. It was found that an increase in the TEMPO consumption and oxidation time increases the density and tensile strength, the content of carboxyl groups, and the transparency of the nanocellulose films, but decreases the yield and crystallinity of the nanocellulose. Structural and chemical changes and the crystallinity index of reed stalks, ORP, and nanocellulose were studied using SEM, FTIR, and XRD methods. Nanocellulose films had a density of up to 1.51 g/cm3, a transparency of up to 82.4%, a carboxyl group content of up to 1.18 mmol/g, and a tensile strength of up to 69.7 MPa. The crystallinity index of nanocellulose decreases from 78.8 to 64.9% with an increase in the oxidation time. TEM and AFM methods have shown that the width of nanocellulose particles is from 3 to 20 nm. TGA confirmed a decrease in the crystallinity index of nanocellulose as a result of its prolonged oxidation. The properties of the obtained nanocellulose from ORP demonstrate the great potential of its application for the preparation of new nanocomposite materials.

Abstract: In the current investigation, numerical method (CVFEM) was selected to show the impact of Lorentz force on transportation of operate fluid (water with a mixture of Fe3O4 and CuO). Adding the source terms associated with MHD (magneto-hydrodynamic) and porous zone leads to a mathematical model and utilizing vorticity formulation can make the equations to simplify. Not only the viscous and heating irreversibility but also permeable and magnetic terms were calculated. Nu and Be have been measured and based on results, two correlations were defined. As permeability and buoyancy effects augment, the velocity of operating fluid augments while lower velocity will be reported if Lorentz forces increases. Sgen,th decreases about 44% with augment of Ha but it augments about 100% with grow of Ra. Velocity augments about 75% with rise of Da while it declines about 50% with the growth of Ha. Intensification of Ha causes Nu to reduce about 7.85% while Be augments about 13.62%. As Da enhances, Be declines about 5.79 while Nu enhances about 49.11%. With the growth of Ra, Be decreases about 49.79% while Nu augments about 392%.

Abstract: In the current work, the leaf extract of Bridelia retusa was used for the first time to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). A zinc nanoparticle-specific 364-nm peak was discerned via UV–Vis studies with a typical bandgap energy of 3.41 eV. FE-SEM micrographs revealed flower-shaped structure of the ZnONPs. EDS analysis corroborated the presence of zinc and oxygen. XRD spectrum established the wurtzite structure, sized at 11.06 nm. The mesoporous texture (4.89 nm) of the nanoparticles was deduced from BET analysis, proving a higher specific surface area than commercial ZnONPs. FTIR spectroscopy resulted in absorption bands typical for ZnONPs. Within a span of 165 min, under solar irradiation, the ZnONPs facilitated the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye upto 94.74%. Exhibiting pseudo-first-order kinetics, the process had a degradation constant of 0.0109 min−1. It was concluded that numerous factors led to the high degradation efficiency. High values of bandgap energy and specific surface area, along with the mesoporous and crystalline nature of the ZnONPs led to the observed effect. The ZnONPs were also stabilized by the phytochemicals in the B. retusa leaves. The study is thus able to successfully demonstrate the huge potential in the field of environmental nanoremediation. The viability of using ZnONPs as solar photocatalysts for treating dye-laden industrial wastewater was thus attested.

Abstract: The progression of green nanoscience towards greater heights and new standards is obvious due to the non-toxic methods of synthesis and other added advantages. With this background, this research focused to prepare stable tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2-NPs) mediated by the ethanolic extract of Galaxaura elongata (red algae). The biosynthesized nanoparticles were subjected to analyses by Scanning (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible (UV–vis) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDS). The outcomes as indicated by characterization tools demonstrate that Galaxaura elongata extract reduced SnCl2 into SnO2-NPs within 60–90 min at room temperature. The nanocrystallite structures were 35 nm in size. Related to the applications at the nanoscale, the antibacterial activity was investigated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphyloccous aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The zone of inhibition did range between 16 and 24 mm for the NPs. Galaxaura elongata extract showed a moderate MIC value of 0.31–9.47 µg/ml on the tested organisms, while the MIC values of tin oxide nanoparticles are 15.6 µg/ml and 62.5 µg/ml. The SnO2-NPs were cytotoxic on A549 human lung carcinoma cells with an IC50 value of 28.08 μg/ml. The results of the study indicate that the NPs were effective antibacterial and cytotoxic agents.

Abstract: We propose energy efficiency and quality-aware multi-hop one-way cooperative image transmission framework based on image pre-processing technique, wavelet-based two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) methodology, and decode-and-forward (DF) algorithm at relay nodes. The different cooperative communication methods that demonstrated their viability in various ways were reviewed. However, there are a few more issues that should be tended to while managing superb image transmission in WSNs, for example, extreme vitality utilization while preparing to proceed with image transmit, to achieve the broadcast between picture quality, and intensity of image transmitted. Before presenting the proposed model, this presents the review of recent and conventional techniques for cooperative image transmission.

Abstract: Biologically synthesized metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are in focus for their multifarious applications. In the current study, the green synthesis of copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs) is achieved using the fresh biomass of Cylindrospermum stagnale after its molecular characterization. Physical characterization of CuO NPs by several analytical techniques including UV–Vis analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and TEM microscopy revealed spherical shaped crystalline CuO-NPs capped by functional groups of cyanobacterium biomolecules with slight aggregation. CuO NPs were found significantly antimicrobial against pathogens with MICs of 1.5, 2.4, 1.7, 2.5, and 0.6 mM against Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, respectively. Moreover, cyanobacterium-capped CuO NPs were cytotoxic against HepG2 cell line and effective against larvae of Aedes ageypti, Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus. The synthesized CuO NPs were effective due to their high surface area and fairly small size 12.21 nm. Due to adequate biological activities of cyanobacterium CuO NPs even at lower concentrations, we prospect these NPs for clinical applications.

Abstract: Water contamination is a critical and severe issue all over the world. The nano-based particles have the potency to overcome water contamination. In the present work, CuO and Ag/CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by Cyperus pangorei extract using the co-precipitation method. The plant extract acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The purpose of plant extract is to reduce the negative impact of the synthesis method and its derivatives. The Ag+ and Cu+ reduction were confirmed through the surface plasmon resonance in the DRS spectrum. The bandgap decreasing is informed that the results have opted in the optical and catalytical applications. CuO bandgap is higher than the Ag/CuO NPs (∆Eg = 0.55 eV) reveals the Ag/CuO NPs have remarkable optical and catalytic applications. The NPs crystalline nature and size were analyzed by XRD. SEM and TEM analyses characterized the morphology and size variation of the CuO and Ag/CuO NPs. The EDX analysis analyzed the composition of the elements in the synthesized NPs. The FTIR analysis was performed to confirm the possible functional groups of plant extract involved in chemical reduction and bondings. Copper and silver metals and oxygen valencies and binding energies were examined by XPS. Occasionally, contagious diseases shake the world and affected human healthiness because of their pathogenic activity. Mostly, they are resolved by nanoparticles. The biosynthesized CuO and Ag/CuO NPs were performed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus—S. aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli—E. coli) bacteria. The results showed better activity in E. coli compared to S. aureus in both CuO and Ag/CuO NPs. The photocatalytic activity of CuO and Ag/CuO NPs were analyzed against Rhodamine B (Rh-B) dye under visible light irradiation. The metallic Ag-doped with CuO NPs improves the catalytic compared to pure CuO NPs. The pseudo-first-order kinetics were found to increase the rate of dye degradation by adding Ag ions to the CuO surface. The advanced oxidation process would increase the electron–hole pair activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The AOP photocatalyst is widely used to remove the toxicity of wastewater. There is no secondary product formation and rich activated electrons. The obtained results indicate the CuO and Ag/CuO NPs may further use in wastewater treatment and biomedical applications.

Abstract: Zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnONFs) were prepared by employing the pod extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum as a green resource and characterized by various methods. UV–vis spectrum displayed a peak at 361 nm which confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The optical band gap was calculated as 3.43 eV. FE-SEM images exposed the flower-like morphology and EDX portrayed strong signals for Zn and O. XRD studies substantiated signature peaks for the wurtzite phase of ZnONFs and the lattice parameters matched well with the literature. Mesoporous nature was confirmed by BET analysis which yielded a high specific surface area of 19.61 m2/g. FTIR bands at 420.48 and 462.92 cm−1affirmed the Zn and O bonding vibrations. The photocatalytic potential of the ZnONFs was successfully examined for the removal of methylene blue dye under natural solar light. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir–Hinshelwood’s first-order equation and the kinetic constant was calculated as 0.0114 min–1.

Abstract: New geometry with rectangular inner cylinder containing cold flow has been simulated in this article. Freezing phenomenon has been simulated and NEPCM was mixture of CuO and water. Time-dependent solid fraction term was added to energy equation. Software based on FEM with adaptive grid was implemented for modeling the problem. Diameter of nanomaterial and amplitude of outer wall were assumed as variable. To reach the reliability of assumption of neglecting buoyancy term, comparison with experimental data was illustrated. Providing greater value of A makes the freezing time to reduce about 5.82% which is associated with existence of more NEPCM near the rectangular cylinder when A = 0.3. Influence of A on Tave has no sensible impact for t 320 s. Increasing diameter of nano-powder can augment the conductivity but experimental observation shows that there is optimum value for this factor. As dp augments from 30 to 50 nm and 40 nm, the time of solidification alters from 186.57 s to 222.77 s and 149.37 s. With rise of dp, at first, the time declines about 19.98% then time augments about 49.16%. When A = 0.3 and dp = 40 nm, the quickest process takes place and it takes 149.37 s to reach full freezing.

Abstract: This research discloses a single step, facile, cost-effective, and eco-friendly fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of common reed (Phragmites australis) leaf. Various techniques were employed to characterize the resultant AuNPs such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) mapping, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the bioformation of AuNPs. The results showed the formation of violet-colored, mainly spherical shaped AuNPs with about 18 nm diameter. The XRD results proved the crystalline structure of AuNPs. Furthermore, P. australis-AuNPs exhibited notable anticancer efficacy with an IC50 equals 129 μg/mL, good quenching for DPPH free radical with a scavenging percentage equals 10.26% and a superior photocatalytic activity as they completely removed methylene blue in just 1 min. The current study also provides an open option for the environmental management of the unwanted biomass of common reed.

Abstract: The hemispherical distiller characteristics are having a large surface area for receiving and condensing compared to a conventional single-slope distiller To achieve the maximum possible utilization of this feature, in first the Al2O3 nanoparticles were adding to the basin water to increase the evaporation rate, in the second modification the glass cover cooling technology was utilized to increase the condensation rate To investigate the influences of Al2O3-water nanofluid and the glass cover cooling technology by a water sprinkler on hemispherical solar distiller performance, three hemispherical solar distillers were designed and tested in the same climate conditions The first is the reference case (conventional hemispherical solar distiller), second is the modified hemispherical solar distiller with Al2O3-water nanofluid, and the third is the modified hemispherical solar distiller with Al2O3-water nanofluid and water sprinkler Three different concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles 01, 02, and 03% were studied Results showed that, the accumulative yield of traditional hemispherical solar distiller reached 3280 ml/m2/day, while the utilization of Al2O3-water nanofluid and the water sprinkler improve the accumulative yield to 6750, 6900, and 7250 ml/m2/day, with improvement 1058, 1104, and 121% of the volume friction of 01, 02, and 03%, respectively Also, the improvement in the daily efficiency for utilizing the Al2O3 nanoparticles and water sprinkler reached 1057, 1097, and 1201% for nanoparticle concentrations 01, 02, and 03%, respectively as compared to the reference case

Abstract: A metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with two unequal vertical rectangular cavities optimized for high sensitivity is proposed in this study. Due to the interaction of the continuum and the discrete state in the waveguide mode, a Fano like profile is obtained in the transmission spectra, the shift of which is utilized to identify the material under sensing. In order to guarantee the maximum device performance, an optimization technique is imposed on the structural parameters, resulting in a maximum sensitivity of 2625.87 nm/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) of 26.04. The sensor has been exploited to determine the human blood group by using the refractive index model proposed for different blood groups A, B, and O. Furthermore, this structure can also be used as a temperature sensor with the temperature sensitivity of $$-1.04 \, \hbox {nm}/^\circ \hbox {C}$$ . The excellent performance along with the blood sensing and temperature sensing capabilities of the device paves the way toward refractive index sensors that have not only been utilized in microchip processors but also a wide range of biomedical applications.

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are inevitable due to its tremendously high thermal and electrical conductivities, strength, stiffness, and toughness characteristics. The utilization of both porous media and nanofluids with CNTs as nanoparticles can augment the thermal efficiency of typical physical systems significantly. In view of such advantages, the present study is intended to convey the influence of entropy minimization and nonlinear thermal radiation on the electromagnetic flow of nanofluids with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles suspensions past the surface of thin needle. In addition, the famous Darcy Forchheimer flow and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux models are implemented. The required numerical solution is devised pragmatically via bvp4c in MATLAB for the system of highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. It is found that the porous matrix and local Forchheimer parameter are detrimental to the regular flow of nanofluids. Thermal fields magnify in respect of hiked porosity and temperature ratio parameters and diminish due to rise in electric and thermal relaxation parameters. Entropy minimization due to porous irreversibility is prominent for MWCNTs than SWCNTs. Bejan number upsurges due to rise in volume fraction and porosity parameter for both SWCNT-water and MWCNT-water nanofluids.

Abstract: Accelerated thermal ageing test on nanocomposites of polyvinyl chloride (PVC/SiO2) is conducted at constant temperatures of 110 °C and 140 °C. Accordingly, different PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite samples with different silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler loading are prepared. The preparation of the samples was carried out based on the solution casting technique. The loading concentrations of SiO2 in the investigating samples are 0, 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt%. The breakdown strength of the prepared PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite samples is evaluated before and after the thermal ageing test. The evaluation of breakdown strength is carried out based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. Also, dielectric spectroscopy, which includes dielectric constant (έ) and tangent loss (tan δ) of nanocomposite, is performed before and after the thermal ageing test. Also, the mass losses during thermal ageing of all samples are evaluated. The results show that the breakdown strength, tan δ, and the dielectric constant (έ) of pure PVC and PVC/SiO2 nanocomposites are significantly affected by the thermal ageing test. Adding a small amount of SiO2 nanoparticles to PVC leads to improvement in its dielectric properties before and after the thermal ageing process as compared to the pure PVC. The mass loss of PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite during thermal ageing is less than that of pure PVC and confirms the obtained result from breakdown strength.

Abstract: Currently, researchers across the world achieved theoretical and experimental works to investigate the significance of nanofluid due to their diverse application in heat transport phenomena. Nanofluids are actually the suspension of nanoparticles in the base liquid. Embedding nanoparticles in the base fluid enhances thermal conductivity and heat transfer rate. The present article shed light on the influence of gold nanoparticles along with oxytactic microorganisms on radiative Reiner–philippoff fluid due to extendable sheet. Suitable transformation convert the partial differential equations (PDEs) are renovated into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and furthermore tackled these equations numerically via bvp4c Matlab builtin scheme. Further the investigations are carried out in the presence of molecular diffusivity, oxytactic microorganisms and nonlinear thermal radiation. The effect of influential parameters on heat transfer, mass transfer, motile density of microorganisms profile are investigated with the assistance of tables and graphs. Embedding the nanoparticles and nonlinear thermal radiation amplifies the heat transfer process and motile density profile depreciates owing to an augmentation in Peclet number. The novel outcomes of this investigation will advance the field of nanomaterials.

Abstract: Fog computing is the new technology era, which is deployed as a middle layer computing system between Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud computing systems, where data are acquired and analyzed at the border of the system. Cloud computing offers many advantages, and drawbacks of network congestions due to the huge amount of information coming from various sources, which causes higher latency for immediate responsive devices. To conquer these problems fog computing provides solutions as they are deployed near the edge of end users. The load examination concern arises in fog computing when a great amount of new IoT user applications are connected to the fog nodes. To efficiently handle load balancing, a particle swarm optimization-based Enhanced Dynamic Resource Allocation Method (EDRAM) has been proposed which in turn reduces task waiting time, latency and network bandwidth consumption and improves the Quality of Experience (QoE). The Enhanced Dynamic Resource Allocation Method (EDRAM), which in turns helps for allocating the required resource by removing the long-time inactive, unreferenced and sleepy services from the Random-Access Memory.

Abstract: Lignin-based graphene oxide (L-GO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and modified L-GO–ZnO nanocomposites are prepared to explore the photocatalytic efficiency of the catalysts under UV–visible light irradiation. The absorbance of dye’s solution (rhodamine B) at regular intervals has been recorded at λmax = 553 nm using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The kinetics parameters, viz. half-life (t1/2), time constant τ (Tau), and rate constant (k), have been evaluated by integrated rate expression to predict the order of the reaction. The rate constant for the reactions has been evaluated to be k_L-GO–ZnO = 1.46 × 10–1, k_ZnO = 2.23 × 10–2, and k_L-GO = 1.740 × 10–2 min−1. The degradation reaction is predicted to follow the first-order kinetics when the data are fitted to the integrated rate expression, kt = -ln(D/D0). The interactions of the dye and the catalyst have been probed by FTIR spectroscopy. The percent degradation efficiency of ZnO, L-GO, and L-GO–ZnO catalyst is 85.96, 83.15, and 91.75, respectively.

Abstract: The reach of nanotechnology has permeated into a range of disciplines and systematically revolutionized many manufacturing techniques. Today, nanoparticles are fabricated using varied approaches, each with its pros and cons. Of them, the green synthesis approach has been very effective in terms of overall economics and the stability of nanoparticles. The current study investigates the use of the leaf extract of Bridelia retusa for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Typical of these nanoparticles, no specific peak was discernible on employing UV–visible spectroscopy. The size, morphological features, and crystallinity of the nanoparticles were determined by employing scanning electron microscopy and electron diffraction spectroscopy. Almost uniformly sized at 38.58 nm, the nanoparticles were spherical, constituting elemental iron at 11.5% and elemental oxygen at 59%. Their relative composition confirmed the nanoparticles to be iron oxide. X-ray diffraction studies showed the particles to be hexagonal and rhombohedral, estimating the crystallite size at 24.27 nm. BET analysis put the pore volume at 0.1198 cm3/g and pore diameter at 7.92 nm. The unique feature of the nanoparticles was that the specific surface area was 75.19 m2/g, which is more than 12 times higher than commercial α-Fe2O3. The participation of a variety of biochemicals in the leaf extract towards the reduction-cum-stabilization was confirmed using FTIR analysis. The Fenton-like catalytic activity of the nanoparticles was put to test by attempting to degrade crystal violet dye, which was completely achieved in 270 min. The kinetics of the degradation was also modelled in the study.

Abstract: The development of effective photocatalyst through green and eco-friendly approach has become a great concern for the light-induced degradation of organic pollutant dyes. This article reports a simple, cost-effective, and a benign environmental biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using Cyperus pangorei, a plant extract with three different concentrations of AgNO3 in aqueous media. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were performed ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 437 nm in UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed the reduction of Ag+ ions into Ag nanoparticles. FTIR spectra revealed that plant extract could reduce/stabilize/capping to form Ag nanoparticles, and strong PL emission spectra tend to exhibit higher photocatalytic activity. The structural information is derived from XRD and TEM, which can exhibit the FCC structure and polydisperse with the spherical shape. EDX addresses the presence of Ag constitute. XPS confirmed the Ag nanoparticles in characteristic silver peaks, plant extract derivatives, and their oxidative states’ binding energy. The photocatalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles against dye Rhodamine B (Rh-B) under ultraviolet irradiation with periodic interval and pseudo-first-order kinetics were also studied. The obtained results show that the synthesized Ag nanoparticles can degrade dye (Rh-B) up to 86% within 2 h of irradiation time. Furthermore, the present study suggests that the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles could be potential photocatalysts against various industrial dyes as well as C. pangorei; plant extract can be usto modify and develop more efficient nano-photocatalyst for other application.

Abstract: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is ecofriendly, cost effective and safer than the physical and chemical methods of fabrication of nanoparticles. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) was used for the fabrication of Cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles. The produced cobalt oxide nanoparticles were characterized using UV visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy, particle size and zeta potential measurements. The UV visible absorption spectrum of the produced cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles revealed a peak at 530 nm. SEM image showed the agglomeration of particles, which were spherical with the mean size of ~ 80 nm. The produced cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles showed a zeta potential value of − 30.8 mV. The antimicrobial property of different concentrations of the produced cobalt oxide nanoparticles was examined. The results showed the cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles having a good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). The fabricated cobalt oxide nanoparticles also showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Photocatalytic activity of the synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticle was determined by the decreasing concentration of Congo red dye and the results showed better degradation of 92.45% after 70 min under solar radiation. Thus, the present study has revealed that the cobalt oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized using P. dactylifera seed extract in a cost effective and ecofriendly manner and can be used for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications.

Abstract: The current research aims to examine the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Aegle marmelos aqueous leaf extract (Am). The structure, composition and the size of the AgNPs identified by X-ray crystallography (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zetapotential, atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDAX), Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy. UV-spectrum confirmed the formation of AgNPs at 416 nm range. The antimicrobial activity was performed against Bacillus megaterium (B. megaterium), Bacillus aryabhattai (B. aryabhattai), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens), and Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) by well diffusion assay, the highest zone formation was observed (8.4 ± 0.3) in 100 µg/mL concentration of Am-AgNPs against Serratia marcescens. The larvicidal assay was performed against Culex quinquefasciatus (C. quinquefasciatus) and Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). The higher efficiency of Am-AgNPs immersed in A. aegypti (LC50 = 302.02 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 132.01 ppm). Further, methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic activity was studied by dye degradation method under visible light irradiation treatment, in the visible region by increasing the time; and light absorption and the enhancement of photocatalytic degradation was observed. Besides, anticancer activity against gastric cancer cells was studied, which showed (IC50) value 40.33 µg/mL. These results conclude that synthesized Am-AgNPs act as a novel antibacterial, anticancer, larvicidal, and photocatalytic agent.

Abstract: Semiconductor material as a heterogeneous photocatalyst offers certain advantages, such as fast degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants. However, the degradation of organic dyes is still restricted by challenges, including the limited photocatalytic activity under visible light. To overcome this challenge, a visible-light-driven ZnO/ZnS/MnO2 ternary composite was developed through a co-precipitation route and utilized for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, and UV–Vis analyses confirmed the successful development of photocatalyst. The ZnO/ZnS/MnO2 nanocomposite exhibited 97% photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methylene blue under visible light.