Abstract: Ogi was prepared in the laboratory from three cereals -corn, sorghum and millet, in accordance with traditional Nigerian practice. The material balance of the process showed the lowest recovery of Ogi from millet. Similiarly, the protein balance indicated the highest losses with millet. The maximum moisture contents of the grains on prolonged steeping were lower in corn and sorghum than in millet. A close visual examination of the three cereals after steeping revealed, that the seed coats of corn and sorghum were essentially intact, while those of millet had ruptured extensively. Proximate analyses of the materials during and at the end of processing showed losses of some nutrients, but no significant change in overall amino acid patterns.

Abstract: The clinical and histopathological findings (excluding the central nervous system) are described in two patients who died of Lassa fever. The histopathological changes are somewhat similar to those described in Thai and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers. It is considered that the Lassa virus is yet another cause of “haemorrhagic fever”.

Abstract: (1972). Isolations of Simbu-group viruses in Ibadan, Nigeria 1964–69, including the new types Sango, Shamonda, Sabo and Shuni. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 357-362.

Abstract: Sheep inoculated intravenously with Trypuiiosom bviicei had fever, irregular parasitaeniia, moderate anaemia, subcutaneous oedenia, dullness, anorexia, and nervous signs followed by death in 29-69 days. Emaciation, serous effusions into body cavities and generalised enlargement and oedenia of lymph nodes were seen at necropsy. Micro- scopically there was extensive localisation of trypanosonies in the extravascular body fluids, and in interstitial connective tissues, resulting in mononuclear inflammatory reactions in the heart, skeletal muscle, skin, brain, pituitary, eye, serosal surfaces, urinary bladder, epididyniis and testis, and in generalised lymphoid hyperplasia. These observa- tions in sheep are comparable to those made in other animals infected with trypanosornes of the brucei group. Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense, and T. vivax cause the most econom- ically important forms of animal trypanosomiases in Africa. There is rela- tively little information on the pathogenesis and pathology of the diseases produced by these species in domestic animals (l 11. Infections and diseases causcd in sheep by T. brzxei occur naturally (2, 131, but there is little informa- tion on either the prevalence or the pathology. Sheep, however, have been used extensively in the past in investigations of the virulence of various human and animal isolates of trypaiiosonies in the brucei subgroup. Many of these isolates were associated with severe diseases characterized by ema- ciation, subcutaneous oedema, enlargement of lymph nodes, and corneal opacity (I, 3, 71. The present report is based on studies in sheep experimentally infected with T. brzrcei. This was part of a major investigation of the pathology of the diseases caused in ruminants by T. brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense.

Abstract: Abstrnct. In cattle infected experimentally with Trypnnosoma briicei the trypanosonies localized extravascularly in the connective tissues and produced inflammatory reactions in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, heart, central nervous system, and eye. These observations indicate that, as in other domestic and laboratory animals, T. blucei is a parasite of connective tissues in cattle.

Abstract: Sucrose formed the bulk of the sugars in cassava root-tubers, accounting for more than 69% of the total sugars. Other sugars included fructose, glucose and maltose. Maltose was consistently present as the lowest amount. The highest concentration of sugars (5.7%) was attained nine months after planting. Starch accounted for the highest proportion of the carbohydrates. A peak value of 81% was observed eight months after planting. The decrease to 78% at nine months was accompanied by an increase in sugar concentration from 3.5% to 5.7%. The sum of cellulose and hemicellulose constituted the non-available carbohydrate fraction to non-ruminants. This was less than 7% of total carbohydrates. Paper chromatography of the neutralised hydrolysate of the extracted hemicellulose revealed the presence of glucose and xylose only. The amylose content of cassava starch varied between 16.2% and 17.4% during growth. This variation was significant at 1% F level. The separated amylose had an iodine affinity of 17.0% while amylopectin had 0.1%.

Abstract: Cet article resume les essais de theorisation qui ont cherche a expliquer l'instabilite politique dans les nouvelles nations par des facteurs de pluralisme culturel et de modernisation. Il met ces explications a l'epreuve de donnees quantitatives portant sur trente pays d'Afrique, situes au sud du Sahara. Le probleme theorique est pose a savoir si oui ou non un degre eleve de pluralisme culturel et de modernisation rend compte des differents types d'instabilite politique. On se demande aussi si l'interaction entre le pluralisme culturel et la modernisation rend compte de ces differences. L'analyse empirique comprend la classification des diverses unites culturelles dans les pays d'Afrique, la mesure des taux de changement dans de nombreux indices de modernisation, et la recension des cas de violence politique ou des elites opposees et des groupes locaux ont ete impliques. A l'examen des resultats positifs et convergents qui sont atteints par voie d'une operationnalisation diverse des trois concepts centraux, on arrive a la conclusion que la variation dans le pluralisme culturel est une source importante d'instabilite politique dans les pays d'Afrique, et que la modernisation de ces pays, contrairement a une opinion repandue, a des effets restrictifs sur la probabilite que l'instabilite politique se produise.

Abstract: THE prevalence of Australia Au(1) antigen in apparently healthy individuals is high in the tropics and low in temperate climates1. Genetic factors have been incriminated1; but Prince2 suggested that insects might be vectors. This study was undertaken to find out the role of the common bloodsucking mosquitoes in Ibadan, Nigeria, in the transmission of Au(1) antigen.

Abstract: 1. In isolated guinea-pig lungs perfused through the pulmonary artery, histamine caused a rise in perfusion pressure which was converted to a fall by a prior injection of mepyramine. 2. Evidence is provided to show that at least part of the histamine effect was due to its direct action on pulmonary vascular tissue, and was largely independent of bronchomotor tone. 3. Neither the pressor nor the depressor effects were modified by adrenoceptor blocking agents, phentolamine and propranolol, in doses which reversed or blocked the effects of noradrenaline, adrenaline or isoprenaline. The actions of histamine could therefore not be attributed to catecholamine release. The involvement of cholinergic mechanisms was also excluded since atropine failed to influence the histamine effects. 4. It is suggested that the mepyramine-sensitive pressor, and the mepyramine-resistant depressor effects of histamine, were mediated by different receptors. 5. It is proposed that a vasodilator action of histamine leading to a partial obstruction of the pulmonary airways could be part of the explanation for the relative ineffectiveness of mepyramine in blocking anaphylactic bronchoconstruction in the guinea-pig.

Abstract: (1972). Nematode Problems with Yams (Dioscorea spp.) in Nigeria. PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 89-91.

Abstract: Lassa virus was isolated from specimens collected from 12 of the 13 patients involved in an epidemic of Lassa Fever which occurred in Jos during 1970. Sero-epidemiological studies indicate that Lassa virus infection occurs over a wide area of western Africa extending at least from Guinea to Nigeria.

Abstract: R HOPKINS is right in emphasizing that economic factors were important in British expansion into the hinterland of Lagos. He is by no means the first person to have pointed this out. Nor has he really answered the question which Robinson and Gallagher and others studying imperialism from the European end are trying to tackle, viz.: why did these economic factors which failed to move the British inland in the I 850's or I 86o's have so much success in the I 88o's and I89o's? Dr Hopkins replies that there was trade depression in Lagos in the I 88o's, that this depression, apart from heightening competition among traders of different nationalities, was the cause, not the result, of the wars in the Yoruba hinterland; that the wars in turn provoked the imposition of a British settlement aimed at improving Lagos trade; and that the Lagos merchants in their period of depression had the influence in London, which they did not have before, to move the British government to action. This series of paradoxes deserves closer scrutiny. "Whatever the origins of the Yoruba Wars," he says, "their continuation in the second half of the nineteenth century was very largely the product of a crisis of adaptation which faced African producers as a result of the decline of the Atlantic slave trade... The crisis of adaptation had no precedents." He suggests four aspects of this "crisis of adaptation". (a) Yoruba rulers "who had risen to power on the profits of the Atlantic slave trade found that they were driven to become specialized producers in a field where there was now a high degree of atomistic competition... Dependent as they were on earnings from foreign trade for a significant part of their total incomes, they viewed their new position with considerable misgivings." (b) They tried "to maintain the level of their previous incomes, and hence their current political power, by taxing the new wealth of the numerous small producers. This they did mainly by imposing taxes on trade." (c) They therefore resented the British presence in Lagos and particularly the anti-slave trade blockade. (d) The military leaders in particular "attempted to bolster their declining fortunes" by plundering. "The warriors had been forced to embrace legitimate commerce, but because the new trade was less profitable than the old they sought at the same time to carry on, anachronistically, as freebooters in the modern world of international capitalism." Unfortunately, Dr Hopkins gives precious little evidence to support these theories, and he shows very little knowledge of Yoruba history or society, and

Abstract: Epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) is a virus-induced syndrome hitherto encountered only in the family Cervidae on the North American continent (7). The epizootiology of the disease suggests that EHD virus may be arthropodborne (8), but no insect vector has been recognized nor has serologic relationship to known arboviruses previously been demonstrated. Bluetongue, a sheep disease caused by a Culicoides-transmitted arbovirus (2), was first recognized in South Africa but is now known to e~ist elsewhere in Africa and in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and North and South America (10, 4). Mild and subclinical forms of the disease occur in cattle (1, 5). An outbreak has been reported in a herd of white-tailed deer (9), and serologic evidence suggests that in North America wild ruminants may serve as reservoirs of bluetonguc virus (11). Recently, striking similarities have been reported between the clinical manifestations of EHD and those of ex.perimentally induced and spontaneous bluetongue infection of white-tailed deer, and on this basis a relationship between the two causative viruses has been postulated (3, 9, 12). When animals previously made immune to bluetongue are inoculated with EHD virus, their reactions are suggestive of an anamnestic response (12, 6), but a definite serologic relationship between the two agents has not been reported. At this laboratory, virus isolates IbAr 22619 and IbAr 33853, recovered from pools of Culicoides spp. collected in Ibadan in November 1967 and November 1968, respectively, were shown to be closely related in complement-fixation (CF) tests done with infected suckling mouse brain antigen and immune mouse ascitic fluid (IMAF). At the World Health Organization International Reference Center, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, New Haven, Connecticut, IMAF for isolate 22619 was found to react in CF test with antigen for EHD virus, New Jersey strain (personal communication from Dr. 1%. E. Shope). In subsequent CF testing at Ibadan, both Culicoides isolates gave positive reactions with reference IMAF for EHD-New

Abstract: SUMMARY Studies of the relationship between yield and content of N, P and K in the ear leaf of eight varieties of Nigerian maize, tested for three growing seasons, indicated that the varieties have different critical nutrient levels, although the values obtained for individual varieties were not significantly different from the pooled average critical level for any of the nutrients. The critical levels ranged from 2·85 to 3·19% N, 0·20 to 0·27% P and 2·06 to 2·60% K, while their pooled averages were 3·10% N, 0·23% P and 2·44% K. High ear leaf nutrient content was not a guarantee of high grain yield, and ear leaf nutrient values of low-yielding varieties were similar to those of the high-yielding varieties.

Abstract: Some more economical means of producing pure samples of aflatoxin B1 from local materials is described. Our results indicate that there is, however, no correlation between the C/N ratio of the materials investigated and the amount of aflatoxin B1 produced. Pawpaw (Carica papaya) appears the best substrate of those examined in this study.

Abstract: Short-term incubation studies of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation using acetylene as the substrate for nitrogenase were carried out on six soil samples collected from various locations in the Western State of Nigeria, and on one soil sample collected from Wisconsin, U.S.A. Unamended soils reduced a very small amount of acetylene but with added organic materials (5% organic matter, 2% glucose or sucrose) acetylene reduction became substantial and in one case was more than 30,000 times that in the unamended soil. In general, more acetylene was reduced in anaerobic than in aerobic soils. Two of the soils were tested for suppression of acetylene reduction by NH4+-N. With the addition of up to 100 ppm nitrogen as (NH4)2SO4 to the soils incubated with sucrose, no depression of acetylene reduction was observed in one soil while it was reduced by about half in the other.