Abstract: Confusion surrounding the reporting and interpretation of results of classical statistical tests is widespread among applied researchers, most of whom erroneously believe that such tests are prescribed by a single coherent theory of statistical inference. This is not the case: Classical statistical testing is an anonymous hybrid of the competing and frequently contradictory approaches formulated by R. A. Fisher on the one hand, and Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson on the other. In particular, there is a widespread failure to appreciate the incompatibility of Fisher's evidential p value with the Type I error rate, α, of Neyman-Pearson statistical orthodoxy. The distinction between evidence (p's) and error (α's) is not trivial. Instead, it reflects the fundamental differences between Fisher's ideas on significance testing and inductive inference, and Neyman-Pearson's views on hypothesis testing and inductive behavior. The emphasis of the article is to expose this incompatibility, but we also briefly note a pos...

Abstract: Although trust has been widely recognized as a vital component ofrelationships and a critical element to the success of organizations,the literature describing trust and trustworthiness is known for itsvarying perspectives and its inconsistencies. Trustworthiness has beenidentified as a condition precedent to the development of trust.Building upon the established constructs of interpersonaltrustworthiness, we propose a related model containing the sevenconstructs of Competence, Legal Compliance, Responsibility to Inform,Quality Assurance, Procedural Fairness, Interactional Cour-tesy, andFinancial Balance. Citing evidence from trust-related literature, weidentify the utility of these seven constructs in encompassingorganizational trustworthiness as a subjectively perceived aspect oforganizational effectiveness. We analyzed questionnaire data andconducted comparative world-region analyses.

Abstract: We present near-infrared J- and K-band spectra of the z = 6.4 quasar SDSS J114816.64+525150.3 obtained with the NIRSPEC spectrograph at the Keck II telescope, covering the rest-frame spectral regions surrounding the C IV λ1549 and Mg II λ2800 emission lines. The iron emission blend at rest wavelength 2900-3000 A is clearly detected, and its strength appears nearly indistinguishable from that of typical quasars at lower redshifts. The Fe II/Mg II ratio is also similar to values found for lower redshift quasars, demonstrating that there is no strong evolution in Fe/α broad-line emission ratios even out to z = 6.4. In the context of current models for iron enrichment from Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), this implies that the SN Ia progenitor stars formed at z 10. We apply the scaling relations of Vestergaard and of McLure & Jarvis to estimate the black hole mass from the widths of the C IV and Mg II emission lines and the ultraviolet continuum luminosity. The derived mass is in the range (2-6) × 109 M☉, with an additional uncertainty of a factor of 3 due to the intrinsic scatter in the scaling relations. This result is in agreement with the previous mass estimate of 3 × 109 M☉ by Willott, McLure, & Jarvis and supports their conclusion that the quasar is radiating close to its Eddington luminosity.

Abstract: This study determined the characteristics of employers who are open to hiring and supporting people with disabilities. The purpose was to help rehabilitation professionals better target their place...

Abstract: We present near-infrared J and K-band spectra of the z = 64 quasar SDSS J11481664+5251503 obtained with the NIRSPEC spectrograph at the Keck-II telescope, covering the rest-frame spectral regions surrounding the C IV 1549 and Mg II 2800 emission lines The iron emission blend at rest wavelength 2900-3000 A is clearly detected and its strength appears nearly indistinguishable from that of typical quasars at lower redshifts The Fe II / Mg II ratio is also similar to values found for lower-redshift quasars, demonstrating that there is no strong evolution in Fe/alpha broad-line emission ratios even out to z=64 In the context of current models for iron enrichment from Type Ia supernovae, this implies that the SN Ia progenitor stars formed at z > 10 We apply the scaling relations of Vestergaard and of McLure & Jarvis to estimate the black hole mass from the widths of the C IV and Mg II emission lines and the ultraviolet continuum luminosity The derived mass is in the range (2-6)x10^9 solar masses, with an additional uncertainty of a factor of 3 due to the intrinsic scatter in the scaling relations This result is in agreement with the previous mass estimate of 3x10^9 solar masses by Willott, McLure, & Jarvis, and supports their conclusion that the quasar is radiating close to its Eddington luminosity

Abstract: The thermal conductivity (lambda) of soils may vary by a factor of about 4 for a range of field soil water contents. Measurement of soil heat flux (G) using a heat flux plate with a fixed lambda distorts heat flow through the plates and in the adjacent soil. The objectives of this research were to quantify heat flow distortion errors for soil heat flux plates of widely contrasting designs and to evaluate the accuracy of a previously reported correction. Six types of commercially available heat flux plates with varying thickness, face area, and thermal conductivity (lambda(m)) were evaluated. Steady-state laboratory experiments at flux densities from 20 to 175 W m-2 were completed in a large box filled with dry or saturated sand having lambda of 0.36 and 2.25 W m-1 K-1. A field experiment compared G measured with pairs of four plate types buried at 6 cm in a clay soil with G determined using the gradient technique. The flux plates underestimated G in the dry sand by 2.4 to 38.5% and by 13.1 to 73.2% in saturated sand while in moist clay plate performance ranged from a 6.2% overestimate to a 71.4% underestimate. Application of the correction generally improved agreement between plate estimates and independent G measurements, especially when lambda > lambda(m), although most plate estimates were still significantly lower than the actual G. Limitations of the correction procedure indicate that renewed effort should be placed on innovative sensor designs that avoid or minimize heat flow distortion and/or provide direct, in situ calibration capability.

Abstract: . 1. A seasonally replicated experimental design was used to address the question of how differences within and among host tree species affect arboreal caterpillar communities. 2. Seasonal variation influenced caterpillar community composition most significantly, and the similarity among caterpillar assemblages did not necessarily follow the pattern of phylogenetic relatedness among host trees. 3. Species richness and abundance of caterpillars were higher on oaks and maples than on American beech. Diversity partitioning models revealed that β diversity was only occasionally greater or less than expected by chance alone. 4. When β diversity was significant, values tended to be greater than expected by chance among replicate trees within each species and lower than expected by chance among the four tree species. 5. Differences among trees appeared important for determining patterns of species presence/absence for rare species and influencing patterns of species dominance within caterpillar assemblages. Differences among tree species had a significant effect on overall lepidopteran community composition and mean species diversity (i.e. α diversity). 6. Because β diversity of caterpillars among host trees was lower than expected by chance, host specificity within the Lepidoptera may be less prevalent than thought previously.

Abstract: Migraines affect 28 million people in the United States, and most of these individuals experience attack-related morbidity. Six of every 10 patients with migraine treat their headache exclusively with over-the-counter (OTC) products. Overreliance on OTC agents contributes to preventable morbidity and drug-induced headaches. To evaluate the role of OTC drugs in the management of migraine headaches, we performed a qualitative systematic literature search by using MEDLINE (January 1966-April 2002), analyzed the references of articles returned by the MEDLINE search, and reviewed other pertinent literature. In the studied populations, acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and an aspirin-acetaminophen-caffeine combination product were shown to be more effective than placebo at reducing moderate or severe migraine pain to mild or no pain by 2 hours after administration. However, published trials of OTC agents have systematically excluded patients enduring morbidity with 50% or more of attacks and/or vomiting with 20% or more of attacks. Patients who experience disability during the predominance of their attacks are poor candidates for OTC-exclusive therapy and should seek a physician's help for migraine-specific prescription drugs. For those with migraine who encounter disability with less than 50% of attacks and/or vomiting with less than 20% of attacks, sole treatment with OTC products is a feasible option. Patients who fail to obtain acceptable relief after an adequate trial of OTC agents also should be referred to a physician. Pharmacists are well positioned to assess whether patients could benefit from OTC agents or should seek a physician's assistance.

Abstract: This article proposes a social science research agenda that will reflect on and inform the development of new information technology-based approaches to the electronic collection, distribution, synthesis. and analysis of public commentary in the regulatory rulemaking process. It identifies one critical area of an ongoing governance transformation: the use of web-based programs to collect public commentary on proposed agency rules. In the tradition of reflexive modernization, this article calls for deeper social science reflection during the development of a technological design in order to tap its democratic potential.

Abstract: Digital communications technology isreconfiguring democratic governance. Federalagencies increasingly rely on Internet-basedapplications to improve citizen-governmentinteraction. Early efforts in the area ofdigital government have created newparticipatory opportunities as well asformidable governance challenges. Federalagencies are working within and across theirboundaries to find an e-rulemaking format thatis cost-effective, legally appropriate,user-friendly, and well suited to diverse modesof rulemaking activities. One of the overridingissues emerging from this process is thedefinition of meaningful public participationin rulemaking. An examination of an early caseinvolving the USDA's National Organic Programproposed rule summarizes comments related togenetic engineering, biosolids, irradiation,and the role of the National Organic StandardsBoard. The USDA's experience suggests a numberof complex challenges that must be met toeffectively integrate Web-based communicationsinto the federal rulemaking process.

Abstract: As part of a National Science Foundation-funded study, we analyze data from a 2002 Midwest urban random sample survey (n = 167 adults) of differential access to and uses of computer technology. Factor analysis revealed three dimensions of attitudes toward technology (desire for computer skills, information power, computer use) and two factors regarding government role (digital government, computer access equity). A well-fitted structural equation (LISREL) path model (GFI = .98; AGFI = .94; NFI = .90) showed several key results. As education declined, desire for computer skills increased. Respondents with higher levels of education were more likely to use computers at home and work. Non-whites were more likely to report technological information as key to citizen empowerment, computers should be accessible to all citizens, and increased interest in learning computer skills. Interest in developing computer skills was positively associated with digital citizenship. Viewing technology as a source of informational power was positively related to digital government and computer access equity. Three statistically significant indirect effects were found.

Abstract: Objectives: To develop guidelines for the documentation elements that need to be included in any record of pharmacist-provided care to allow the quality of the care to be assessed and to describe the use of these guidelines to improve the quality of pharmacist documentation. Design: An initial list of 85 potential documentation elements, developed through a review of the literature, was validated by a group of pharmacy practitioners. Then, through three rounds of a Delphi process and a group meeting, a panel of experts reached consensus on a refined list of 27 documentation data elements. Results: The documentation elements were formatted into a one-page Tool for Evaluation of Documentation (TED). The TED is a checklist for assessing the completeness of the documentation of pharmacist-provided care. Conclusion: The TED and the consensus-building methodology used in the development of this tool can serve as cornerstones of a quality assessment process for documentation of pharmacist-provided care, enable further assessment of the quality of care, and, ultimately, be used to measure the impact of pharmacist-provided care on patient outcomes. Our results should provide guidance both to pharmacists providing care and to organizations that assess the quality of that care.

Abstract: We put forward a novel index of molecular complexity, ξ, taking into account the symmetry of a molecular graph and the specificity of structural components considered. The ξ index is defined as the sum of augmented valences of all mutually nonequivalent vertices in a molecular graph. The augmented valence of a vertex in a graph is the sum of its valence and valences of all neighboring vertices with the weight 1/2d depending on their distance, d, from the vertex. The ξ index is examined on the set of octane isomers and some special classes of graphs. It is also compared with a certain number of alternative complexity measures considered in the literature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003

Abstract: A range of experimental and theoretical techniques have been applied to the study of transient negative ions (resonances) formed in electron scattering from the Group II metals Mg, Zn, Cd, and Hg at incident electron energies below the first ionization potential. A wealth of resonance structures have been observed and from the experimental observations and theoretical information, classifications are proposed for some of these negative ion states.

Abstract: An important unsolved problem lies in the mechanisms that determine overall size, shape, and the localization of subcellular structures in eukaryotic cells. The membrane skeleton must play a central role in these processes in many cell types, and the ciliate membrane skeleton, or epiplasm, offers favorable opportunities for exploring the molecular determinants of cortical organization. Among the ciliates, Tetrahymena is well suited for the application of a wide range of molecular and cellular approaches. Progress has been made in the identification and sequencing of genes and proteins that encode epiplasmic and cortical proteins. The amino acid sequences of these proteins suggest that they define new classes of cytoskeletal proteins, distinct from the articulin and epiplasmin proteins. We will also discuss recent in vivo and in vitro studies of the regulation of assembly of these cortical proteins. This will include information regarding the down-regulation of epiplasmic proteins during cleavage, their topographic regulation in the cell cycle, and the results of in vitro assembly and binding studies of the epiplasmic C protein.

Abstract: We use the non-relativistic R-matrix method to treat ultralow-energy electron scattering from the alkaline-earth atoms Mg, Ca, and Sr. The sensitivity of the predictions for the scattering length is analysed by comparing results obtained from a variety of structure and collision models. We estimate the electron scattering lengths to be −2.5a0 for e−–Mg, −12a0 for e−–Ca, and −18a0 for e−–Sr, respectively.

Abstract: Professional healthcare providers are held responsible for technologic and financial decisions and also for the moral ramifications of their decisions. The authors report the findings of a survey of nurse leaders conducted to determine the key factors that provide help and present challenges as they seek to respond ethically to the dilemmas encountered in the course of their work. Implications for the healthcare industry and the nursing profession are discussed.

Abstract: Previous sociological accounts of money have focused on meanings that attach to types of money but have given insufficient attention to how these meanings arise out of and are sustained by their use in interpersonal interactions. In this case study of a door-to-door sales company, we use a “cultural toolkit” conception of money meanings to show how managers and salespersons draw on these meanings to get things done. We examine how money meanings are used in three settings: (1) the salesperson–sales prospect interaction, wherein the presentation of self takes center stage, (2) the managerial relationship between the salesperson and his or her manager, and (3) salespersons' time “between doors,” when they attempt to make sense of their situation and motivate themselves to continue. We show how money work is used for persuasion, worker control, decision making, and impression management.

Abstract: Background Myointimal thickening is a major cause saphenous vein graft failure. The prominence of medial and adventitial microvessels in stenotic vein grafts and the known angiogenic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) lead us to investigate the expression of VEGF and its receptors in vein graft arterialization and stenosis. Methods Normal and arterialized vein graft segments were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of VEGF-R1 (flt), VEGF-R2 (KDR), and neuropilin-1. The cells expressing VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, and neuropilin-1 were identified in normal, stenotic, and arterialized vein graft segments by immunohistochemistry. Results Vascular endothelial growth factor, detected in the wall in endothelial cells and adventitial microvessels in normal vein, localized to smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and adventitial microvessels in arterialized and stenotic vein. VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 were expressed infrequently on endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in arterialized and stenotic vein. Neuropilin-1 was detected in all specimens. RT-PCR demonstrated significantly greater expression of neuropilin-1 in normal vein compared with arterialized vein ( P Conclusions The differential expression of VEGF and its receptors in normal, arterialized, and stenotic vein grafts suggests that alterations in VEGF/VEGF-R2/neuropilin-1 interactions may be important determinants of the adaptive response of vein grafts to arterialization.

Abstract: Experimental magnetic sublevel scattering-angle-integrated cross sections following ionization–excitation of He(1s2)1S to He+(2p)2Po in e− + He and Hm+ + He (m = 1–3) collision systems have been determined using a combination of total cross sections and polarization fraction measurements in the extreme ultraviolet range. The derived magnetic sublevel cross sections, σ0 and σ1, for ML = 0 +/- 1 have been studied over a wide range of velocities (2–8.5 au) for electron impact on helium. These results are compared with previous experimental proton cross sections (2–6 au) as well as new measured data for hydrogen molecular impact (1.4–4.0 au) for equi-velocity. In addition, our electron and proton measurements are compared with earlier theoretical predictions, our recent second-Born calculations fully including off-shell energy terms, and present predictions from a hybrid first-order and second-order distorted-wave plus R-matrix (close-coupling) model (DWB1 + RMPS and DWB2 + RMPS). Finally, we have extended our polarization measurements for H+ + He collisions and found excellent agreement between theory and experiment at nearly all impact energies. However, the present second-Born and DWB1 + RMPS results deviate slightly from the experimental electron data while the DWB2 + RMPS calculations tend toward the experimental data of Forand et al (1985 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 18 1409).

Abstract: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a monumental legislative effort to ensure that all qualified students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment. The 1997 amendments to this legislation (IDEA '97) addressed disciplinary procedures to ensure that (a) schools provide for safe and orderly learning environments, (b) school personnel are empowered to prevent and address problem behaviors, (c) there is a balance between the need for safety and the need to preserve the rights of students with disabilities, and (d) students with disabilities are afforded an appropriate education that includes effective behavioral intervention plans (Office of Special Education Programs [OSEP], 1997; Yell, Katsiyannis, Bradley, & Rozalski, 2000).The disciplinary provisions outlined in IDEA '97 generally codified guidelines established by the courts, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR), and OSEP. These provisions also included specific technologies such as functional behavioral assessment, implementation guidelines for provisions such as manifestation determination hearings, and specific criteria for governing placements such as interim alternative educational settings. These provisions have been heralded as both positive and influential steps for disciplining students with disabilities despite being subject to controversy and perhaps the potential for abuse (Conroy, Clark, Fox, & Gable, 2000; Conroy, Katsiyannis, Clark, Gable, & Fox, in press; Hartwig, & Ruesch, 2000; Katsiyannis & Maag, 1998, 2001; Sasso, Conroy, Stichter, & Fox, 2001; Yell et al., 2000). Of particular interest is the use of homebound settings, almost routinely as an interim alternative educational setting for disciplinary purposes. This practice, however, may have adverse implications because such a placement may be an unjustifiably restrictive setting and inherent limitations may be a barrier in addressing individual needs.Smith (2000) reported an analysis of 89 state-level hearings, OCR rulings, and court decisions during the first 18 months of the implementation of IDEA '97 (June 1997 to December 1998). These decisions included 123 separate issues associated with disciplining students with disabilities. Team decisions in relation to the discipline provisions of IDEA '97 were supported the least in functional assessment (10 cases; 10% support rate), followed by the adequacy of program planning in the behavioral area (78 cases; 26% support rate) and support for interim educational program decision making (12 cases; 33% support rate). In contrast, 57% of the decisions regarding manifestation determination were supported (23 cases) (Smith, 2000). This early review of situations in which individualized education program (IEP) team competencies in the application of the discipline requirements of IDEA '97 were challenged suggests that significant staff development needs exist among those charged with implementing such requirements.This article (a) summarizes legal activity regarding IDEA'S disciplinary provisions since January of 1999 and (b) discusses issues associated with interim alternative educational settings. In discussing the use of interim alternative educational settings, we place the issue of homebound settings in context by examining its traditional use, particularly in relationship to disciplinary exclusions.MethodSearch ProceduresThe first author examined due process hearings, OCR decisions, court decisions, and OSEP memoranda/policy letters related to IDEA'S disciplinary decisions. This process involved a manual review of cases included in the Special Educator (an LRP Publications periodical published twice a month) from January 1999 to November 2002. This publication provides brief overviews of legal activity in special education by reporting decisions rendered.AnalysesCases were recorded on a spreadsheet by Special Educator volume and issue, Special Educator short title, primary issue, prevailing party (i. …

Abstract: This paper examines several key aspects of the ethical environment facing the insurance industries of Poland, The Czech Republic and Hungary as they complete the transition from Communist insurance systems built upon state-owned monopolies to viable private domestic insurance markets, and then seek to harmonize their markets with the single insurance market of the European Union. Since many types of ethical problems encountered during the transition are unlikely to diminish significantly as a result of either privatization or regulation of the insurance markets of these countries, measures are identified that should help to improve the ethical environments of these markets.