ATH

Abstract: Background: Cerebral infraction is one of the important causes of cerebrovascular accident. This study was conducted to see which risk factors are more prevalent in cerebral infraction. Methods: It is a hospital based descriptive study of 130 patients of different types of strokes. Results: Out of 130 patients 70 were male and 60 females. Majority (58%) of the patients were between 41–60 years of age. Patient presented with variable risk factors. The majority (60% male and 73% female) were hypertensive. The percentage of other factors including diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, smoking, high serum cholesterol, obesity and carotid artery stenosis was observed. Conclusions: Cerebral infraction is the most common cause of stroke in our community and all the other factors that are included in our study showed their association in occurrence of cerebral infraction. Keywords : cerebral infarction; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; smoking

Abstract: Background: The utility of ultrasound has long been established in the diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms. Ultrasound is a safe and non-invasive imaging modality that has a high sensitivity and specificity. The objective was to determine the validity of grayscale ultrasound and resistive index in the detection of nature of ovarian neoplasms by taking histopathology as a gold standard. Methods: It was Cross-sectional study conducted in department of Radiology, Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from May 16 to November 30, 2014. Two-hundred-twenty-one female patients in whom an adnexal mass was noted on pelvic ultrasound were included in the study. Results: Out of these 221 patients, malignant ovarian masses were present in 50 (22.62%) patients on grayscale ultrasound. While a resistive index ≤0.6 was found in 56 (25.34%) patients. Over all the sensitivity of grayscale ultrasound was 95% and the specificity was 93.37%. Likewise, the sensitivity and specificity of resistive index were 95% and 90.06% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed the grayscale ultrasound is a sensitive imaging modality for differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian masses. Keywords: Adnexal masses; Ultrasound; Doppler; Resistive Index; Carcinoma; Ovary

Abstract: This research article aims to know the role of media in making people's expectations and to know how media is playing its role in political activism in Pakistan. The importance of media is growing every day because of the global connection that exists. Nowadays, the widespread media influence on society is easy to discern. Mass participation in politics has been bolstered by the rise of new communication technologies. While it is true that traditional and new media have a big impact on politics. We have applied qualitative research philosophy with an explanatory approach. This article concludes that media especially social media can influence opinions and can raise public expectations of the government. This article finds that social media has given people a forum to participate in politics. It is a most effective means to receive information and a key source of political activism.

Abstract: Background: Congenital heart disease is a significant problem world over especially in neonates. Early diagnosis and prompt interventions in neonatal period precludes the mortality associated with this disorder. The objective of this study was to highlight the diversity of congenital cardiac defects in our region so that appropriate interventions are devised to minimize significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disorder. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Neonatology Unit of Department of Paediatrics, Ayub Teaching Hospital from January 2015 to December 2016. Approval of ethical committee was taken. All full-term neonates of either gender who presented in department of neonatology including those delivered in hospital or received from other sources (private settings, home deliveries), diagnosed as having congenital heart disease on echocardiography were included in the study. Preterm neonates of either gender were excluded from the study. Patient characteristics were recorded in a designed proforma. Data was entered in SPSS version 20 and analysed. Results: A total of 89 neonates were included in the study. Mean age of presentation was 6.34±7.058 days and range of 1–28 days. There was a male preponderance with 57 (64%) male patients as compared to 32 (36%) female patients. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was the commonest cardiac lesion being present in 34 (38.2%) patients. Other defects included complex congenital heart disease in 8 (9%), atrial septal defect (ASD) and transposition of great arteries (TGA) in 7 (7.9%) each, atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) in 6 (6.7%) and Fallots’s tetralogy (TOF) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 5 (5.6%) each. Conclusion: Congenital heart disease is a problem of profound importance. It constitutes approximately one third of the total major congenital malformations. There is a diversity of cardiac lesions in our region that warrant early and prompt interventions so that the disease is recognized and treated at the earliest to reduce morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Congenital heart disease; ventricular septal defect; cyanotic