Abstract: In multicomponent analysis by inductively-coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry, the generalized standard addition method is useful in overcoming matrix and/or spectral interferences. As this method requires many standard additions, it becomes cumbersome when done manually if many elements are to be determined. By using a flow injection system, the standard addtion manipulations required can be significantly simplified and completed within a shorter period of time with much less sample material. A flow injection system with merging zones is used to demonstrate the method for analyses of a Ni/Cu/Zn standard and of alloys. The reproducibility of measurements of the injected sample, with or without additions of standards is always better than 99%. The results obtained compare well with those obtained by the manual procedure and also with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Abstract: A theoretical and experimental study is report-ed of the gain of microchannel plate (MCP) electron multipliers under conditions of output charge satur-ation. Theoretical calculations, assuming a wall charge saturation mechanism, are used to interpret peak gain and pulse height distribution FWHM data obtained with a number of chevron MCP multipliers. A curved surface MCP intended for use with grazing incidence X-ray optics is described. The effects of an inter-plate voltage are described. Limiting pulse height FWHMs around 30% have been obtained. The properties of straight channel chevrons and single curved channel MCPs are briefly compared.

Abstract: We have used a cloned EcoR l1.5 kb fragment from the human a 2(I) collagen gene ( COL1A2 ) as a probe for detecting this gene in human-mouse somati

Abstract: Studies of the boundary layers in the vicinity of the Earth's dayside magnetopause are important in determining the nature of the processes which couple the magnetosphere to the flowing solar wind, thereby driving magnetospheric convection. In this paper we examine theoretically the magnetic field and plasma properties expected in the boundary regions for various models involving either diffusion or reconnection at the boundary. For diffusion models the transport of magnetosheath momentum across the magnetopause will result in field shears on either side of the boundary, the field rotations being in opposite senses on either side relative to the undisturbed fields. The directions of these rotations depend upon location at the magnetopause relative to the momentum transfer region and to the noon meridian. In reconnection models the effect of the tension of the open boundary layer field lines must be taken into account in addition to the magnetosheath flow, but on the super-Alfvenic flanks of the magnetosphere the latter still dominates, so that qualitatively similar effects will occur in the two models. More detailed, quantitative or statistical studies are then required to distinguish the two models in this regime. In the sub-Alfvenic dayside region, however, open field tension effects will dominate in reconnection models such that boundary layer field and plasma properties will then be determined mainly by the magnetosheath magnetic field configuration. In particular the East-West flow in the magnetospheric boundary layer will be controlled largely by the East-West field in the magnetosheath, leading to flow reversals across the magnetopause in some quadrants of the magnetopause. This behaviour is directly related to the Svalgaard-Mansurov effect and is a signature unique to reconnection models. The boundary layer fields are also expected to tilt towards the field on the opposite side of the boundary in these models on the dayside. “Toward” tilting can also occur in this regime in diffusion models, but “away” tilting, a signature unique to dayside diffusion, should also occur equally frequently. Finally, we briefly discuss previously published high-resolution ISEE 1 and 2 data from the boundary regions in the light of our results. We find that “toward” tilting generally occurs in boundary region crossings previously identified as being reconnection-associated and we present some examples in which the above unique reconnection signature has been observed. During impulsive FTE-like events, however, the field may tilt in either direction, possibly as a result of field line twists, thus complicating our simple picture in this case. We also show that the “reverse draping” observations presented by Hones et al. (1982) approximately satisfy the open magnetopause stress balance conditions.

Abstract: A Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) procedure for the determination of trace amounts of mercury by the Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (CVAA) method is presented. In order to make efficient use of the FIA technique, a new flow cell was developed to permit a rapid separation of elemental mercury from the carrier solution. The design of this device is based on the permeability of Hg 0 in commercially available Teflon (PTFE) tape, which acts as a membrane phase separator. The calibration curve is linear up to 70 ng.ml −1 ( A = 0.005 + 0.008 Hg(ng.ml −1 ); r = 0.9996) using a 15-cm open cell approach, with a detection limit of 1.4 ng. ml −1 (0.66 ng of mercury), considering a signal to noise ratio of three. The standard deviation is s = ±0.004 absorbance units, calculated at a level of 50 ng.ml −1 of Hg 2+ . The sampling rate was 110 samples per h.

Abstract: In this, the second part of a study of soft X-ray photocathodes, the predictions of a theoretical model of X-ray photoemission are compared with plane photocathode data for CsI, the alkali chlorides, NaF, Kl and CaF 2 . Estimates of photoelectric yield are presented for MgO. The implications of this study for its intended field of application - deposition photocathodes for microchannel plate X-ray detectors - are briefly discussed.

Abstract: The sensitivity of the flow injection analysis (FIA) method for determination of chromium(VI) using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) depends on the concentration of the acid used in confluence with the DPC solution. At low acid concentrations slower on-line reaction kinetics are observed for Cr - DPC complex formation. Hence the chemical contribution to the over-all dispersion value cannot be ignored. This indicates that the best experimental conditions for the static procedure may not always translate directly to the dynamic conditions of FIA. In the present instance the maximum signal is obtained with acid concentrations at or above 0.80 M. Although sulphuric acid may be used, as in the conventional procedure, the best working conditions are achieved using nitric acid.

Abstract: After a brief account of the importance, and neglect, of the psychological study of names, the role of familiarity in liking for names is investigated. Some empirical research on first names and surnames is set in the context of two opposing theories in experimental aesthetics: the “mere exposure” and “inverted-U” hypotheses. A preference-feedback hypothesis that enables us to resolve some apparently contradictory results from the experiments, and to account for the existence of cyclical vogues in first names and other cultural items, is proposed.

Abstract: The particular characteristics required for women's health care in the Third World are compared with these in developed countries. Women of the Third World present a different prevalence of specific diseases and give less attention to symptoms and to preventive measures. The health system is usually not well adapted to respond to these problems. Examples of the differences between the needs of health care of Third World women and those of developed countries are taken from certain aspects of pre-natal care, from the prevention of cancer of the cervix and from family planning. A critical analysis of the prevalent characteristics of women's care in the Third World was undertaken. As a result some basic points to be considered in the implementation of women's health care for the Third World were proposed: (1) avoid the uncritical simple replication of developed country's models; (2) application of a larger proportion of the resources to primary health care; (3) a more aggressive attitude to improve preventive measures; (4) efforts to maintain a continuous and non-sporadic contact between the health system and the target population; (5) greater attention to reference and contra-reference to improve the integration of the various levels of the health system; (6) delegation of functions from physicians to paramedical personnel; (7) emphasis on health education, both formal and in the day-to-day contact between health agents and target population.

Abstract: 1. 1. Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) were measured at the onset of breathing, clicking and hatching in unstimulated chick embryos. 2. 2. There was a progressive increase in plasma T 3 concentration from the onset of breathing (482 hr of incubation) to hatching (496 hr). 3. 3. Plasma T 4 concentration did not change significantly between the start of breathing and clicking (494 hr) but decreased between the onset of clicking and hatching. 4. 4. Embryos stimulated with artificial clicks hatched 19hr before their unstimulated counterparts but their plasma concentrations of T 3 and T 4 did not differ at hatching from those of unstimulated embryos; however, the plasma T 3 concentration, but not T 4 , at hatching was higher than in unstimulated embryos incubated for a similar length of time, i.e. to the onset of breathing.

Abstract: The nonequilibrium thermodynamics and relaxation kinetics of a photoexcited plasma in polar semiconductors are discussed using a non-equilibrium statistical mechanics method that allows for the derivation of the nonlinear transport equations which describe the evolution of the irreversible phenomena that take place in the system. The theoretical results are compared with data obtained from ultra-fast time-resolved optical spectroscopy of GaAs and show good agreement. The role of the relevant relaxation channels is discussed, and it is shown that a theoretical and numerical study provides a description of the mechanisms for energy losses which accounts for the behaviour observed in this kind of system in several experiments reported so far.

Abstract: A case-study of relations between supervisors and workers in a medium-sized shoe factory is used to argue that it is the Marxian question of function within the social relations of production rather than the Weberian one of market capacities which most convincingly determines the question of the proletarianization or otherwise of the direct supervisors of labour. Understanding class, and therefore proletarianization, as a matter of the interests arising out of the social relations of production, it is shown that, for the supervisors, these were not changed by a deterioration of their position on such Weberian dimensions of stratification as income and status relative to the workforce, nor by a diminution of their decision - making power within the management function. Rather, the supervisors responded to their situation by attempting to demonstrate their continuing usefulness as the extractors (rather than the creators) of surplus value since it was by these standards that their worth was judged - and inc...

Abstract: We analyse the data on multiple production of hadrons from very-high-energy interactions, both at cosmic-ray energies and at accelerator energies. We show that these data are compatible with a discrete mass spectrum of fireballs, which are formed in the very-high-energy collisions and trail the colliding hadrons after the interaction. Such fireballs seem to possess different decay modes: either into pions only, or into baryons only. The decays are statistical and we derive their temperature; for instance, in the so-called «Chiron mode» the temperature is about 10 GeV, which shows that the existence of a limiting temperature of 160 MeV in high-energy collisions is violated. Moreover, we present a theoretical model for decay events like Chirons, Centauros and Geminions in terms of evaporating «strong black-holes». Our analysis seems to suggest—among the others—that in the considered collisions some «phase transitions» can take place, associated with the collapse of the colliding matter inside its strong-Schwarzschild horizons. The horizon radii are in good agreement with experience and, in their turn, yield the transition temperatures through a Hawking-like relation. At these very high temperatures the emission of heavy objects is expected to be enhanced, so as it is observed experimentally. Many aspects of the data are reasonably well explained by our theoretical model.

Abstract: The anomalous self-absorption of a high-power radio wave measured during recent ionospheric modification experiments exhibits a hysteresis effect. These results are consistent with the assumption that the growth of field-aligned irregularities due to the interaction of a high-power pump wave and the ionospheric plasma occurs in two stages. During the first stage, striation growth is due to an instability which has a threshold independent of striation amplitude. When the striation level is sufficiently high, the threshold of the second stage is reached. The second-stage threshold is dependent on the striation amplitude. The state of background ionosphere is also found to be an important factor influencing the observed effects.

Abstract: Recently Cheng published an interesting paper on film condensation along an inclined surface in a porous medium. A closed form solution has been obtained for the case of constant wall temperature and zero lateral mass flux at the wall. This note is intended to present (An analytical solution of film condensation in porous medium with non-zero lateral mass flux at the boundary is present.) Both the temperature and velocity profiles are obtained. The effect of lateral mass flux on the heat transfer rate can be observed.

Abstract: The ligand benzoylbenzamide (HBBA) forms compounds with Ni(II) having the composition Ni(BBA)2.2H2O and Ni(BBA)2. The complex Ni(BBA)2 can be isolated in red form or in a green form. The analysis of skeleton stretching bands indicated that the π electrons are not delocalized in the green compound. The structure is in this case tetrahedral or slightly distorted tetrahedral. The enthalpy of the red-green conversion is −13.0 kJ mol−1, in accordance with the square-tetrahedral conversion energy, which is normally small.

Abstract: One year of magnetic field data from the geostationary spacecraft ATS 6 have been analysed for effects associated with the equatorial plane components of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). It is shown that perturbation fields in the Y (dawn to dusk) direction appear in association with the Y component of the IMF, in agreement with previous theoretical suggestions. On average a fraction 0.28 ± 0.02 of the IMF Y field appears at geostationary orbit, such that the average ATS 6 By field is 1.9 ± 0.4 nT larger when IMF By is positive than when it is negative. The perturbation field magnitudes are also found to depend strongly on local time, however, with largest effects appearing in the midnight and dawn quadrants, where the average perturbation fields are nearly half the simultaneous IMF Bv. field. At noon this fraction drops to one fifth, and no average effect occurs in the dusk quadrant. Both the daily mean perturbation fields and the diurnal modulation are also found to depend upon the level of magnetic disturbance as measured by KP, or equivalently upon IMF Bz, and upon season of the year. Overall stronger daily mean perturbation fields occur when KP is low or when IMF Bz is positive, than when KP is high or when IMF Bz is negative. This effect is not linear, however, and there is also a trend in the data towards increasing perturbation fields with IMF Bz negative and decreasing. On dividing the data according to season, increasingly strong daily mean effects are found in the order winter, summer and equinox for both quiet and disturbed magnetospheres. Diurnal modulations of the perturbation field magnitudes for low KP (IMF Bz > 0) take the form of large amplitude quasi-sinusoidal variations about mean values which are very marked in the equinox data, are present to a lesser degree during summer and are absent during winter conditions. When Kp is high (IMF Bz < 0) significant deviations from mean perturbation field values occur generally only during nightside hours and little seasonal dependence is evident. Finally, it is shown that the highest correlation between the IMF data and the ATS 6 perturbation fields occurs with zero time delay between the two data sets, showing that a prompt response to IMF conditions occurs at geostationary orbit within the 1 h time resolution available in this study. Although many details of the above ATS 6 response remain to be understood, these results overall demonstrate in a very direct manner the magnetically “open” nature of the Earth's magnetosphere.

Abstract: Ground observations of Pi 2 geomagnetic pulsations are correlated with satellite measurements of plasma density for three time intervals. The pulsations were recorded using the IGS network of magnetometer stations and the plasma density measurements were made on board GEOS-1 and ISEE-1. Using the technique of complex demodulation, the amplitude, phase and polarisation characteristics of the Pi 2 pulsations are observed along two meridional profiles; one from Eidar, Iceland (L = 6.7) to Cambridge, U.K. (L = 2.5) and the other from Tromso, Norway (tL = 6.2) to Nurmijarvi, Finland (L = 3.3). The observed characteristics of the Pi 2 pulsations are then compared with the plasma density measurements. Close relationships between the plasmapause position and the position of an ellipticity reversal and a variation in H component phase are observed. A small, secondary amplitude maximum is observed on the U.K./Iceland meridian well inside the position of the projection of the equatorial plasmapause. The primary maxima on the two meridians, in general occur close to the estimated position of the equatorward edge of a westward electrojet. Using the plasma density measurements, the periods of surface waves at the plasmapause for two intervals are estimated and found to be in good agreement with the dominant spectral peaks observed at the ground stations near the plasmapause latitude and within the plasmasphere. The polarisation reversal, together with phase characteristics, spectral evidence and the agreement between the theoretical and observed periods leads to the suggestion that on occasions a surface wave is excited on the plasmapause as an intermediate stage in the propagation of Pi 2 pulsations from the auroral zone to lower latitudes.

Abstract: Recent analyses of measurements obtained from the Rice University Apollo 14 SIDE on the lunar surface have revealed the frequent appearance of fast tailward-streaming ion “bursts” near the centre plane of the geomagnetic tail. In this paper the properties of these “bursts” are tested for compatibility with tail current sheet tangential stress balance conditions assuming that they are produced by current sheet acceleration of tail lobe plasma downstream and tailward of a magnetic neutral line. Calculations are performed taking the ions to be either protons or singly charged oxygen, the latter possibility being directly suggested by several recent observations. When “burst” bulk parameters are calculated by assuming that the ion distribution functions are convecting isotropic Maxwellians, the results are found to be difficult to reconcile with current sheet stress balance conditions for either protons or oxygen. Use of a different ion distribution based on theoretical expectations and observations in the near-Earth tail, however, results in number density estimates being increased by factors of around an order of magnitude. When the revised densities and ion distribution functions are taken into account, reasonable agreement between observed and expected ion bulk speeds is obtained. In some cases the agreement is better assuming oxygen ions rather than protons, but not by a large factor.