Abstract: This paper proposes a replanning mechanism for deliberative agents as a new approach to tackling the frame problem. We propose a beliefs desires and intentions (BDI) agent architecture using a case-based planning (CBP) mechanism for reasoning. We discuss the characteristics of the problems faced with planning where constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) resources are limited and formulate, through variation techniques, a reasoning model agent to resolve them. The design of the agent proposed, named MRP-Ag (most-replanable agent), will be evaluated in different environments using a series of simulation experiments, comparing it with others such as E-Ag (Efficient Agent) and O-Ag (Optimum Agent). Last, the most important results will be summarized, and the notion of an adaptable agent will be introduced.

Abstract: Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems provide a new solution to distributed information and resource sharing because of its outstanding properties in decentralization, dynamics, flexibility, autonomy, and cooperation, summarized as DDFAC in this paper. After a detailed analysis of the current P2P literature, this paper suggests to better exploit peer social relationships and peer autonomy to achieve efficient P2P structure design. Accordingly, this paper proposes Self-organizing peer-to-peer social networks (SoPPSoNs) to self-organize distributed peers in a decentralized way, in which neuron-like agents following extended Hebbian rules found in the brain activity represent peers to discover useful peer connections. The self-organized networks capture social associations of peers in resource sharing, and hence are called P2P social networks. SoPPSoNs have improved search speed and success rate as peer social networks are correctly formed. This has been verified through tests on real data collected from the Gnutella system. Analysis on the Gnutella data has verified that social associations of peers in reality are directed, asymmetric and weighted, validating the design of SoPPSoN. The tests presented in this paper have also evaluated the scalability of SoPPSoN, its performance under varied initial network connectivity and the effects of different learning rules.

Abstract: Natural examples of emergent behaviour, in groups due to interactions among the group's individuals, are numerous. Our aim, in this paper, is to use complex emergent behaviour among agents that interact via pair-wise attractive and repulsive potentials, to solve the local minima problem in the artificial potential based navigation method. We present a modified potential field based path planning algorithm, which uses agent internal states and swarm emergent behaviour to enhance group performance. The algorithm is used successfully to solve a reactive path-planning problem that cannot be solved using conventional static potential fields due to local minima formation. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of a swarm of agents to perform problem solving using the dynamic internal states of the agents along with emergent behaviour of the entire group.

Abstract: Evolutionary Algorithms are population-based, stochastic search techniques, widely used as efficient global optimizers. However, many real life optimization problems often require finding optimal solution to complex high dimensional, multimodal problems involving computationally very expensive fitness function evaluations. Use of evolutionary algorithms in such problem domains is thus practically prohibitive. An attractive alternative is to build meta models or use an approximation of the actual fitness functions to be evaluated. These meta models are order of magnitude cheaper to evaluate compared to the actual function evaluation. Many regression and interpolation tools are available to build such meta models. This paper briefly discusses the architectures and use of such meta-modeling tools in an evolutionary optimization context. We further present two evolutionary algorithm frameworks which involve use of meta models for fitness function evaluation. The first framework, namely the Dynamic Approximate Fitness based Hybrid EA (DAFHEA) model [14] reduces computation time by controlled use of meta-models (in this case approximate model generated by Support Vector Machine regression) to partially replace the actual function evaluation by approximate function evaluation. However, the underlying assumption in DAFHEA is that the training samples for the metamodel are generated from a single uniform model. This does not take into account uncertain scenarios involving noisy fitness functions. The second model, DAFHEA-II, an enhanced version of the original DAFHEA framework, incorporates a multiple-model based learning approach for the support vector machine approximator to handle noisy functions [15]. Empirical results obtained by evaluating the frameworks using several benchmark functions demonstrate their efficiency Keywords—Meta model, Evolutionary algorithm, Stochastic technique, Fitness function, Optimization, Support vector machine.

Abstract: In this paper, a new fast algorithm for information retrieval is presented. Such algorithm relies on performing cross correlation in the frequency domain between input data and the input weights of fast neural networks (FNNs). It is proved mathematically and practically that the number of computation steps required for the presented FNNs is less than that needed by conventional neural networks (CNNs). The main objective of Internet users is to find the required information with high efficiency and effectiveness. Finding information on an object's visual features is useful when specific keywords for the object are not known. Since intelligent mobile agent technology is expected to be a promising technology for information retrieval, there is a number of intelligent mobile agent based-information retrieval approaches have been proposed in recent years. Here, the work presented in [25] for image-based information retrieval using mobile agents is greatly enhanced. Multiple information agents continuously traverse the Internet and collect images that are subsequently indexed based on image information such as the URL location, size, type and the date of indexation. In the search phase, the intelligent mobile agent receives the image of object as a query and searches the set of web pages that contain information about the object. This is done by matching the query to images on web pages faster than the work presented in [25].

Abstract: We present a novel technique for behavioral animation through data-driven behavior synthesis. This technique has two key features: it provides natural character behavior and has a programming-by-demonstration interface. Thus we can quickly create compelling autonomous virtual agents that exhibit stylized behavior. First, the human user demonstrates behavior for the character by specifying its high-level actions (e.g., with a joystick) during an interactive session. Each demonstration is recorded as a sequence of discrete actions. Later, the character synthesizes novel behavior by concatenating segments of action sequences. The choice of segments is guided by simulations that predict fitness. Thus our technique operates such as a cognitive model, providing a character with deliberative decision making. The actions are abstract and can be mapped to any pertinent motions, even procedurally synthesized motions. Thus our technique complements character animation algorithms. We empirically show that our O(log n) technique is scalable, robust when provided with sufficient data, produces effective behavior for a number of problem domains, and is faster than traditional planning. Also, the interface is intuitive enough that character behavior can be created by nontechnical users.

Abstract: Prostate gland diseases, including cancer are estimated to be one of the leading cause of male death worldwide and its management is based on guidelines regarding diagnosis, evaluation, treatment and continuing care. In this study a fuzzy expert system for diagnosing, and learning purpose of the prostate diseases is described. HIROFILOS is a fuzzy expert system for diagnosis and treatment of prostate diseases according to symptoms that are realized in one patient and usually recorded through his clinical examination as well as specific test results. The user-friendly proposed intelligent system is accommodated on a hospital web page for use as a decision support system for resident doctors, as an educational tool for medical students, as well as, an introductory advisory tool for interested patients. It is based on knowledge representation provided from urology experts in combination with rich bibliographic search and study ratified with statistical results from clinical practice. Preliminary experimental results on a real patient hospital database provide an acceptable performance that can be improved using more than one computational intelligence approaches in the future. Key-Words: Prostate disease, , urology, medical expert system, fuzzy logic.

Abstract: The paper is devoted to a two-layered, agent-based system that can support and manage large-scale distributed computation. Each managing agent, being a part of the lower layer, carries individual computational tasks and examines the environment to find the best place of execution for it. Effective scheduling policies based on the molecular diffusion phenomena may be applied. They only utilize local information about the computing node characteristics, which saves communication time. The lower level of the system constitutes the software platform that implements the information, communication and migration policies for managing agents. The architecture and a formal description of the platform and the managing agent, as well as scheduling algorithms (especially agent diffusion rules involving inter-task communication), are presented. A sample Java implementation called OCTOPUS/SmartSolid and test results are also reported.

Abstract: The world Telecommunications industry caters to both Wireline and Wireless business. In the present Fourth Generation (4G) wireless world rapid change is the only constant factor. The biggest paradigm change being the move from Circuit Switched to Packet Switched technologies. Voice over Packet (VoP) is transforming telephony by rapidly replacing the legacy circuit-switched technology. The VoP technology unites the telephony and data worlds allowing voice, facsimile, and video traffics to be relayed over managed IP networks or corporate intranets around the world. In this paper, various aspects of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) are discussed, including the architecture for the NGMN, challenges, standards and the application areas. In addition a new approach for fast detecting certain information in VOIP is presented. The entire data are collected together in a long vector and then tested as a one input pattern. Proposed fast time delay neural networks (FTDNNs) use cross correlation in the frequency domain between the tested data and the input weights of neural networks. It is proved mathematically and practically that the number of computation steps required for the presented time delay neural networks is less than that needed by conventional time delay neural networks (CTDNNs). Simulation results using MATLAB confirm the theoretical computations.

Abstract: This paper presents the use of heuristics gained from the syntactic and semantic knowledge for the creation of database design in terms of the Entity-Relationship(ER) model through natural language processing. The application of both syntactic and semantic heuristics is used as the strategy to obtain the relevant ER elements such as entities, attributes and relationships from the specifications. Results on the use of the semantic heuristics show that these may help to further improve the results in the automatic detection of the ER elements.

Abstract: Among the tasks in software testing, test data generation is particularly difficult and costly. In recent years, several approaches that use metaheuristic search techniques to automatically obtain the test inputs have been proposed. Although work in this field is very active, little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate search space. The present work describes an alternative to this issue. More precisely, two approaches which employ an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm as the metaheuristic technique are explained. In both cases, different regions are considered in the search for the test inputs. Moreover, to depart from a region near to the one containing the optimum, the definition of the initial search space incorporates static information extracted from the source code of the software under test. If this information is not enough to complete the definition, then a grid search method is used. According to the results of the experiments conducted, it is concluded that this is a promising option that can be used to enhance the test data generation process.

Abstract: This work focuses its effort on dataspaces and workflow management, two complementary technologies, which, if applied in conjunction, can provide a highly efficient and powerful scientific data management solution for e-Infrastructures. Key contributions are: (1) a hierarchical and iterative metamodel providing a life cycle view of scientific data showing what ideally should happen to data in e-Infrastructures is presented generally and by the means of two pilot application. (2) An ontology based dataspace model with strong regard on the key dataspace concept - managing relationships among participants - is developed, providing intelligent creation, representation, and searching of semantically rich relationships among primary and derived data sets in e-Science applications. (3) The concept of dataspaces is extended to support the data life cycle in e-Science experiments. At first, supported by the ontology, an e-Science application independent metamodel is set up, which is then applied to describe application-specific e-Science experiments. This profound knowledge about e-Science life cycles, consolidated within instances of the ontology will highly contribute to the development of high productivity e-Science frameworks.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of the treatment of a proximal humerus fracture with a locking compression plate(LCP). Materials and Methods: This study reviewed the results of 24 cases of a proximal humerus fracture treated with a LCP from January 2005 to April 2007, after a follow up of more than 12 months. There were 8 males and 16 females with a mean age of 68.9(33-90) years. The clinical results were evaluated using the Neer`s evaluation criteria, and the radiographic results were evaluated using the bone union time and Paavoleinen method. Results: The mean time for bone union was 11.9 weeks. Using the Neer`s functional evaluation, 21 cases of the 24 patients (87%) showed excellent or satisfactory results. Twenty two cases (91%) showed good results according to the Paavoleinen method. The complications encountered were metal failure (1 patient), AVN of the humeral head (1 patient) and joint stiffness (1 patient). Conclusion: The LCP demonstrated good results in the treatment of a proximal humerus fracture and has relatively fewer complications than other internal fixators.

Abstract: Search engine query log mining has evolved over time to more like data stream mining due to the endless and continuous sequence of queries known as query stream. In this paper, we propose an online frequent sequence discovery (OFSD) algorithm to extract frequent phrases from within query streams, based on a new frequency rate metric, which is suitable for query stream mining. OFSD is an online, single pass, and real-time frequent sequence miner appropriate for data streams. The frequent phrases extracted by the OFSD algorithm are used to guide novice Web search engine users to complete their search queries more efficiently. YourEye, our online phrase recommender is then introduced. The advantages of YourEye compared with Google Suggest, a service powered by Google for phrase suggestion, is also described. Various characteristics of two specific Web search engine query logs are analyzed and then the query logs are used to evaluate YourEye. The experimental results confirm the significant benefit of monitoring frequent phrases within the queries instead of the whole queries because none-separable items. The number of the monitored elements substantially decreases, which results in smaller memory consumption as well as better performance. Re-ranking the retrieved pages based on past users clicks for each frequent phrase extracted by OFSD is also introduced. The preliminary results show the advantages of the proposed method compared to the similar work reported in Smyth et al.

Abstract: In a particular case of behavioural model reduction by ANNs, a validity domain shortening has been found. In me- chanics, as in other domains, the notion of validity domain allows the engineer to choose a valid model for a particular analysis or simulation. In the study of mechanical behaviour for a cantilever beam (using linear and non-linear models), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Backpropagation (BP) networks have been applied as model reduction technique. This reduced model is constructed to be more efficient than the non-reduced model. Within a less extended domain, the ANN reduced model estimates correctly the non-linear response, with a lower computational cost. It has been found that the neural network model is not able to approximate the linear behaviour while it does approximate the non-linear behaviour very well. The details of the case are provided with an example of the cantilever beam behaviour modelling. situations (as in the reuse of mechanical models, see (40)), a model should always be accompanied of its validity domain in order to be used. Moreover, the validity domain must be verified if the model is modified: during the application of a model reduction to beam behavioural models, a modification of the resulting validity domain was noticed. While using model reduction techniques to create a more efficient model (lower time of response with a negligible loss of accuracy), changes in the validity domain must be expected. In this paper, the case of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) employment as model reduction technique for beam behavioural models is considered. The efficiency and validity domain of the reduced model are studied to a means to support decision making in the successful use of models: • A shortening of validity domain after reduction of the original model is reported. • An improvement of the efficiency of the model after reduction is reported.

Abstract: 울산대학교 서울아산병원 정형외과학교실 Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the relationship between the clinical outcomes and cuff integrity after open rotator cuff repair and we wanted to analyze the causes of rotator cuff retear. Materials and Methods: 78 patients who underwent open rotator cuff repair were enrolled from 2004 to 2006. All the patients were observed for a minimum follow-up of 12 months and they were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical outcomes were accessed by dividing the patients into the retear group and the intact group. The groups were also compared to analyze the cause of rotator cuff retear according to the preoperative tear size, the symptom duration, and so on. Results: The clinical outcome of the retear group (n=22) was improved significantly after operation (p<0.001, p<0.001), but the muscle power was not improved significantly (p=0.099, p=0.243). More retears were found in the patients who had a larger preoperative tear (p<0.001) and the symptom duration of the retear group was longer (p=0.027). Conclusion: Although there were retear after rotator cuff repair, the clinical outcomes were improved. Yet the muscle power of the supraspinatus and external rotator were not improved significantly. There were more retears for the cases that had a larger preoperative tear size and a longer duration of symptoms.

Abstract: The main objective of Internet users is to find the required information with high efficiency and effectiveness Finding information on an object's visual features is useful when specific keywords for the object are not known Since mobile agent technology is expected to be a promising technology for information retrieval, there is a number of mobile agent based-information retrieval approaches have been proposed in recent years In this paper a new approach for image-based information retrieval using mobile agents is presented Multiple information agents continuously traverse the Internet and collect images that are subsequently indexed based on image information such as the URL location, size, type and the date of indexation In the search phase, the mobile agent receives the image of object as a query and searches the set of web pages that contain information about the object by matching the query to images on web pages

Abstract: This paper describes an experiment aimed to demonstrate that a distributed system of embedded microcontrollers, wherein a number of control modules are located on the mobile robot, while others are deployed in an "intelligent environment" can significantly reduce the cost of developping a robotic assistant for the elderly and disabled. The structure of the experimental setup is described in detail, as well as the main algorithms used for each individual task: path following, obstacle avoidance, data acquisition. In the experiment described, didactic mobile robots (Pioneer3-DX and Peoplebot, from MobileRobots) were used, but the entire solution can be easily ported for the implementation of an intelligent wheelchair, capable either to carry an elderly or disabled person, or to move independently in a smart environment, as a sensorial extension of the assisted individual.

Abstract: This paper presents empirical results of the effect of the global position information on the performance of the modified local navigation algorithm (MLNA) for unknown world exploration. The results show that global position information enables the algorithm to maintain 100% success rate irrespective of initial robot position, movement speed, and environment complexity. Most mobile robot systems accrue an odometry error while moving, and hence need to use external sensors to recalibrate their position on an ongoing basis. We deal with position calibration to compensate the odometry error using the global position information provided by the Teleworkbench, which is a teleoperated platform and test bed for managing experiments using mini-robots. In this paper we demonstrate how we incorporate the global position information during and after the experiments.

Abstract: There have been many multi-item auction mechanisms. As it is not allowed for both sellers and buyers to submit bids and offers in nearly all existing multi-item auction mechanisms, the impartial profit distribution for both sellers and buyers cannot be realized in those mechanisms. Although it is possible for both sellers and buyers to submit bids and offers in a combinatorial exchange, the impartial profit distribution for all individual participants cannot be realized due to its pricing mechanism that focuses only on enforcing budget balance. This paper proposes an iterative multi-item unit-demand and unit-supply double-auction mechanism with a new winner determination and pricing mechanism for distributing profit impartially from the viewpoints of individual participants regardless of whether they are buyers or sellers. It also analyzes the theoretical features of the proposed auction mechanism, including those related to its strategic behavior and efficiency.

Abstract: In recent years, the applications of finite element method (FEM) in metal cutting operations have proved to be effective in studying the cutting process and chip formation. The simulation results is useful for both researchers and machine tool makers in optimising the cutting parameters and designing new tools. This paper present the application of Finite element method (FEM) in simulating the effect of cutting tool geometries and cutting speed on the effective stress and temperature changes in turning AISI 1045.The tool geometries studied were various rake (α) and clearance (β) in the range of -5° to 5°, and 5° to 9° for α and β respectively, for cutting speed in the range of 100-300 m/min, at constant feed rate of 0.35 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.18 mm. The effect of cutting speed on turning process was studied for cutting speed in the range of 100-450 m/min, while the feed rate and depth of cut were kept constant at 0.35 mm/rev and 0.3 mm respectively. The simulation simulation results show that the effective stress and cutting temperature on the cutting edge were between 1710Pa to 2040MPa and 880°C to 2080°C respectively while varying the tool geometries. The simulation results also show that by increasing the cutting speed causes a decrease in effective-stress and increase the temperature of the chip formed to certain extend.

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the results of using a locking compression plate and an unlocked plate for treating proximal humeral fractures. Materials and Methods: This study was based on 20 patients who underwent plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures out of the 87 patients with proximal humeral fractures and who were admitted from 2003 to 2007 in our hospital. Of the 20 patients, 10 were treated with a locking compression plate and the other 10 were treated with an unlocked plate. Each group was evaluated according to the humeral neck shaft angle, the period until bony union, the complications and the Constant score. The humeral neck shaft angle was based on plain x-rays taken immediately after the operation and at 6 months postoperatively. The Constant score was evaluated on the last visit to our clinic. Results: There was no significant statistical difference between the two groups in terms of the neck shaft angle, the period until bony union and the Constant score. Yet, there were three cases of screw migration in the unlocked plate group. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the neck shaft angle, the period until bony union and the Constant score. The locking compression plate is considered to achieve more effective fixation for proximal humerus fractures because there were less complications such as screw migration.

Abstract: Successful treatment of any pathological condition of the shoulder requires an accurate diagnosis. Physical examination represents an integral part of the assessment of shoulder disorders. Pain, loss of strength, decreased range of motion, and instability are the most common symptoms caused by a great variety of different shoulder pathologies. Therefore, a sophisticated clinical approach to the patient with shoulder pathology is essential. A standardized evaluation including a variety of diagnostic tests and clinical assessments improves the diagnostic accuracy by specifically examining one component of the shoulder complex. In most cases a careful physical examination will establish or suggest a diagnosis and special investigative techniques such as imaging procedures can be applied more selectively for confirmation or further evaluation of the pathological entity.

Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the outcomes of reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments with using two suture anchors and performing coracoacromial ligament transfer in patients with acromioclavicular dislocation. Material and methods: Forty patients with complete acromioclavicular dislocation were included in this study. According to the preoperative radiographs, 5 patients with AC dislocations were diagnosed as type III, 4 patients as type IV and 31 patients as type V. Two 3.5mm suture anchors with four strands of nonabsorbable sutures were separately placed on the anterolateral and posteromedial portion of the base of the coracoid process to stabilize the distal clavicle. The coracoacromial ligament was then transferred to the undersurface of the distal end of the clavicle for augmentation. Results: At a mean follow-up of 28 months, the average Constant score improved to 97 points. All the patients returned to normal life at an average of 3.2 months postoperatively. At the last follow-up, 37 patients achieved anatomical reduction and three patients showed complete redislocation. However, the clinical results of the patients with redislocation were satisfactory. Conclusion: Anatomical coracoclavicular reconstruction using two suture anchors and coracoacromial ligament transfer for treating complete acromioclavicular dislocation is a safe, effective procedure for restoring a physiologically stable acromioclavicular joint.

Abstract: Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the normal glenoid size of Koreans in their 7th and 8th decades by conducting Computed tomographic (CT) studies. Materials and Methods: The CT images were obtained from the normal scapulae of the patients (mean age: 68.8) who had humeral fracture. A display workstation version 2.0.73.315 was used to measure the scans to determine the maximal superoinferior (SI) and anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the glenoid vault. Results: The average diameters of curvature of the glenoid were 31.2 mm (range: 27 to 34 mm) in the superior-inferior direction and 26.1mm (range: 22 to 31mm) in the anterior-posterior direction. Conclusion: This study showed the normal glenoid size of Koreans and it is different from the size that the international literature reported. It should be an important factor for the treatment of fracture or in designing arthroplasty implants.

Abstract: Ideal rotator cuff repair is to maintain high fixation strength and minimize gap formation for optimizing the environment of biologic healing of tendon to bone Among the current repair techniques, the suture bridge technique is superior to single- or double-row repair in ultimate load to failure, gap formation, restoring anatomical footprint and achieving pressurized contact area The suture bridge technique also minimizes gap formation and has rotational and torsional resistances allowing early rehabilitation However, despite superior biomechanical characteristics of the suture bridge technique, there is no evidence that these mechanical advantages result in better clinical outcomes Furthermore, there is no difference in failure rates between the double-row repair and suture bridge techniques An appropriate repair technique should be determined based on tear size and pattern and tendon quality

Abstract: One of the greatest challenges today in bioinformatics is to predict the structure of the protein from the DNA sequence. Protein structural domains are often associated with a particular protein function also the structure contains a valuable information to the biologists instead of the meaningless sequence. Because the experimental techniques that used to determine protein structure such as the x-ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance "NMR" spectroscopy are very expensive and can not be applied all the time, so the prediction may be the way to get the protein structure. In this work we will be able to predict the 3D structure of hemoglobin using two techniques; the neural network and hidden Markov model. Also, the prediction of the secondary structure is applied using multiple alignments.

Abstract: With the increasing use of arthroscopy and MRI for the diagnosis of shoulder problems, SLAP (superior labrum from anterior to posterior) lesions are more commonly diagnosed, and the incidence of SLAP repair surgery is increasing. Clinical diagnosis of SLAP is difficult to achieve, and many specific physical exam maneuvers have been described. However, neither these exam maneuvers nor history can provide a definitive diagnosis of a SLAP lesion. Despite this limitation, it is helpful to establish a more precise and accurate examination and to construct a preoperative plan. The purpose of this article is to review the original descriptions for specific physical exam maneuvers in SLAP, along with statistical analysis where available. This will help clinicians in deciding which tests are useful, how they should be implemented, and how to interpret the results.