Excessive waste production has led to the concept of a circular bioeconomy to deliver valuable by-products and improve environmental sustainability. The annual worldwide rice production accounts for more than 750 million tons of grain and 150 million tons of husk. Rice husk (RH) contains valuable biomaterials with extensive applications in various fields. The proportions of each component depend primarily on rice genotype, soil chemistry and climatic condition. RH and its derivatives, including ash (RHA), biochar (RHB), hydrochar (RHH) and activated carbon (RHAC) have been placed foreground of applications in agriculture and other industries. While the investigation on RH’s compositions, microstructures and by-products has been done copiously, owing to its unique features, it is still an open-ended area with enormous scope for innovation, research and technology. Here, we reviewed the latest applications of RH and its derivatives, including fuel and other energy resources, construction materials, pharmacy, medicine and nanobiotechnology, to keep it on spotlight. 

Rice Husk at a Glance: From Agro-Industrial to Modern Applications

The research on the use of coconut husk as a solid catalyst for transesterification reaction of Cerbera manghas oil into biodiesel has been done. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of coconut husk ash for biodiesel production from Cerbera manghas seed oil. Coconut husk is prepared by burning in air to obtain potassium oxide as active phase. The coconut husk is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD spectrum shows that the peak characteristics of potassium oxide can be observed in the diffractogram. The particle size of the catalyst ranging from 1 - 3 μm with pentagonal structure. The coconut husk ash solid catalyst is used in the transesterification reaction of Cerbera manghas oil in a batch reactor. Biodiesel yield of 88.6% can be achieved over coconut husk ash catalyst, using a 10 wt.% of catalyst, reaction temperature at 3 hours, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6: 1. This solid catalyst can be separated easily from the reaction system and not soluble in methanol or methyl esters. The coconut husk ash catalyst is high potential to be developed as one of the solid catalysts to convert Cerbera manghas oil to biodiesel.

/pdf/coconut-husk-ash-as-heterogenous-catalyst-for-biodiesel-1ywfggltoz.pdf

Coconut husk ash as heterogenous catalyst for biodiesel production from cerbera manghas seed oil

K2O/Zeolite compounds were successfully synthesized using KOH as starting material and natural zeolite as support. The catalysts were calcined at 500°C for 3 h and then characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM images reveal that the zeolite and K2O/zeolite particles are irregular in shape (100 to 400 nm). The independent variables were impregnated amounts of KOH (15 - 25%), catalyst to oil ratios of 1.0 - 6.0 wt.%, and reaction time of 2 h. The highest biodiesel yield of 95% was produced from the reaction with 2.1 wt.% catalyst of 25% KOH impregnated. The properties of produced biodiesel complied with SNI. The catalytic stability test showed that the 25% KOH impregnated catalyst was stable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012011/pdf

Synthesis of K2O/Zeolite catalysts by KOH impregnation for biodiesel production from waste frying oil

The general environmental quality has a direct impact on how well life is supported on earth. There are fewer and fewer water sources available, and those that are available are contaminated with many pollutants. Pollution of biological and chemical systems can result from heavy metal and dye poisoning of water resources. Agricultural waste benefits from a variety of sources, cheap cost, and renewable energy. When these wastes are converted into useful applications, such as environmental adsorbents for eliminating pollutants, biochar (BC), composts, and natural fertilizers, rather than burning them in open fields, which results in various environmental problems like air pollution and soil erosion, they may represent a treasure. The transformation of waste into useful compounds is one of the most significant scientific topics. This critical study evaluates current advancements in the utilization of (nano)materials obtained from agricultural waste for environmental decontamination and pollutant monitoring or removal. Along with highlighting the most promising research areas, this section discusses the major challenges to the removal of organic dyes, toxic ions, and other contaminants using diverse methods including adsorption, reduction, and ion exchange using cost-effective materials generated from agricultural wastes. 

Agricultural waste-derived (nano)materials for water and wastewater treatment: Current challenges and future perspectives

Pt nanoparticles on La-doped sodium tantalum oxide (La0.02Na0.98TaO3), which acts as an active co-catalyst for H2 evolution under UV light irradiation was successfully synthesized by photo-deposition method. The La0.02Na0.98TaO3 photocatalyst was obtained by the reaction of La(NO3)2.3H2O, TaCl5, and NaOH at ambient temperature. The catalyst produced was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). SEM images of the La0.02Na0.98TaO3 sample showing that its particles size is ranging between 50-150 nm. The Pt particles are detected from HRTEM images is around 2-4 nm. The Pt/La0.02Na0.98TaO3 samples prepared were applied for photocatalytic H2 production at 30°C. The photocatalyst performance was evaluated for hydrogen production from water combining with glycerol as an electron donor (sacrificial reagent). The reactions were carried out in a closed reactor with a gas circulation system, illuminated with mercury (Hg) lamp. The experimenta...

Pt nanoparticle on La0.02Na0.98TaO3 catalyst for hydrogen evolution from glycerol aqueous solution

Lanthanum and carbon co-doped sodium tantalum oxide, La-C-NaTaO3, are prepared by incorporating lanthanum and carbon into NaTaO3 cluster via a sol-gel technique using a sucrose as carbon source. The La-C-NaTaO3 prepared sample is calcined at a temperature of 700 °C. Effects of carbon contents on the crystal, shape, optical absorption response and activity of hydrogen production of the sample are evaluated. The crystal of La-C-NaTaO3 is characterized by XRD analysis. The results show that the XRD pattern of the La C co-doped NaTaO3 is found to be crystalline phase with monoclinic structure. From the analysis of SEM images, the particle size of the prepared powder is about 40-200 nm. The optical response is examined by diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). It is depicted that the absorption edge of La-C-NaTaO3 crystalline shift to higher wavelength. The extension to the visible light absorption edge became drastic with increasing carbon content in the sample. The photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 is examined from water-methanol aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. It is found that the photocatalytic activity of La-C-NaTaO3 depend strongly on the doping content of C, and sample La-C-NaTaO3 shows the highest photocatalytic activity for the water reduction. The optimum amounts of carbon to maximize the hydrogen evolution rate is to be 2.5 mol %. The La-C-NaTaO3 catalyst has high activity of H2 evolution of 40.0 [μmol h-1] and long time stability under visible-light irradiation, suggesting a promising utilization of such photocatalyst. La C co-doped NaTaO3 photocatalyst can be developed further in order to produce hydrogen as a green energy.

Visible Light Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Lanthanum and Carbon-co-Doped NaTaO3 Photocatalyst

Synthesis of amorphous silica from rice husk ash using the sol–gel method: Effect of alkaline and alkaline concentration

In this work, cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli) shell waste is massively produced by many restorant in Banda Aceh Indonesia. The cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli) shell is known high calcium; therefore it is potential to be used as calcium source of catalyst for transesterification reaction. The aim of this research is to study the synthesis and characterization of Clinocardium nuttalli shell. Clinocardium nuttalli shell was prepared by calcinating the shell at 500 and 800°C. Synthesis of solid catalys was employed for transesterification reaction of calophyllum inophyllum L. oil. The reaction was carried out in batch reactor at temperature of 65oC and ratio of mrthanol:oil of 3:1 - 12:1. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Analysis data by XRD confirmed that the obtained crystal calcined at 500 oC are CaCO3 calcite, CaCO3 veterite, and CaO. XRD patterns of the colcined shell at 800 oC shows sharp peaks of crystalline phase of CaO. The best characteristics is obtained at calcined catalyst of 800oC with molar ratios of methanol:oil of 12:1, i.e. density 0.832 g/cm3, viscosity 4.92 cst, and yield 84.1%.

/pdf/waste-shells-of-cockle-clinocardium-nuttalli-as-solid-pr1p8avg28.pdf

Waste shells of cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli) as solid catalysts for transesterification of calophyllum inophyllum L. oil to biodiesel production

The European Union’s embargo on Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) has resulted in excess of domestic palm oil reserves. The embargo has resulted in a build-up of domestic CPO due to the fact that the majority of Indonesia’s CPO production is exported overseas. The CPO price has dropped in recent months as a result of CPO overstock. On the other hand, as a by-product of rice production, Indonesia produces millions of tons of rice bran. The bran is treated more as waste than a resource for raw material to produce valuable products, such as bran oil. The need for lubricants in Indonesia is expected to rise as the number of cars and industries grows. As a result, some lubricant requirements must be met through importation because domestic manufacturing is insufficient. Palm oil and bran oil are both excellent candidates for conversion into biolubricants. This paper looks at the possibility of biolubricant production in Indonesia using alternate raw materials rather than petroleum-based sources. The paper begins by detailing the country’s lubricant demand, then moves on to the probable availability of biolubricant raw materials in Indonesia, and finally to the biolubricant process production method.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012061

An overview of potential production of bio-lubricant in Indonesia

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Chindy Mauliza Duana, Sri Aprilia, Farid Mulana, Cut Meurah Rosnelly, Zuhra; Mechanical properties of hybrid composites reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunches/fly ash. AIP Conference Proceedings 30 January 2023; 2613 (1): 040001. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0120239 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search 

Mechanical properties of hybrid composites reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunches/fly ash

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