https://rihuc.huc.min-saude.pt/bitstream/10400.4/1818/1/renal%20cell%20carcinoma.pdf

EAU Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2014 Update

Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan,Fluorouracil,and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Al B. Benson III, MD, Thomas A. Abrams, MD, Edgar Ben-Josef, MD, P. Mark Bloomston, MD, Jean F. Botha, MB, BCh, Bryan M. Clary, MD, Anne Covey, MD, Steven A. Curley, MD, Michael I. D'Angelica, MD, Rene Davila, MD, William D. Ensminger, MD, PhD, John F. Gibbs, MD, Daniel Laheru, MD, Mokenge P. Malafa, MD, Jorge Marrero, MD, Steven G. Meranze, MD, Sean J. Mulvihill, MD, James O. Park, MD, James A. Posey, MD, Jasgit Sachdev, MD, Riad Salem, MD, MBA, Elin R. Sigurdson, MD, PhD, Constantinos Sofocleous, MD, PhD, Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, Alan P. Venook, MD, Laura Williams Goff, MD, Yun Yen, MD, PhD, and Andrew X. Zhu, MD, PhD

/pdf/nccn-clinical-practice-guidelines-in-oncology-hepatobiliary-1kpacqqvi8.pdf

NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatobiliary cancers.

EAU Guidelines on Non-Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Update 2016.

1.1 Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging
The purpose of this review is to present the current state of the role of imaging in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In order for the reader to fully appreciate the context of the discussions embodied in this article we begin with an overview of the PDT process, starting with a brief historical perspective followed by detailed discussions of specific applications of imaging in PDT. Each section starts with an overview of the specific topic and, where appropriate, ends with summary and future directions. The review closes with the authors’ perspective of the areas of future emphasis and promise. The basic premise of this review is that a combination of imaging and PDT will provide improved research and therapeutic strategies.

PDT is a photochemistry-based approach that uses a light-activatable chemical, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and light of an appropriate wavelength, to impart cytotoxicity via the generation of reactive molecular species (Figure 1a). In clinical settings, the PS is typically administered intravenously or topically, followed by illumination using a light delivery system suitable for the anatomical site being treated (Figure 1b). The time delay, often referred to as drug-light interval, between PS administration and the start of illumination with currently used PSs varies from 5 minutes to 24 hours or more depending on the specific PS and the target disease. Strictly speaking, this should be referred to as the PS-light interval, as at the concentrations typically used the PS is not a drug, but the drug-light interval terminology seems to be used fairly frequently. Typically, the useful range of wavelengths for therapeutic activation of the PS is 600 to 800 nm, to avoid interference by endogenous chromophores within the body, and yet maintain the energetics necessary for the generation of cytotoxic species (as discussed below) such as singlet oxygen (1O2). However, it is important to note that photosensitizers can also serve as fluorescence imaging agents for which activation with light in the 400nm range is often used and has been extremely useful in diagnostic imaging applications as described extensively in Section 2 of this review. The obvious limitation of short wavelength excitation is the lack of tissue penetration so that the volumes that are probed under these conditions are relatively shallow.






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Figure 1


(A) A schematic representation of PDT where PS is a photoactivatable multifunctional agent, which, upon light activation can serve as both an imaging agent and a therapeutic agent. (B) A schematic representation of the sequence of administration, localization and light activation of the PS for PDT or fluorescence imaging. Typically the PS is delivered systemically and allowed to circulate for an appropriate time interval (the “drug-light interval”), during which the PS accumulates preferentially in the target lesion(s) prior to light activation. In the idealized depiction here the PS is accumulation is shown to be entirely in the target tissue, however, even if this is not the case, light delivery confers a second layer of selectivity so that the cytotoxic effect will be generated only in regions where both drug and light are present. Upon localization of the PS, light activation will result in fluorescence emission which can be implemented for imaging applications, as well as generation cytotoxic species for therapy. In the former case light activation is achieved with a low fluence rate to generate fluorescence emission with little or no cytotoxic effect, while in the latter case a high fluence rate is used to generate a sufficient concentration of cytotoxic species to achieve biological effects.

/pdf/imaging-and-photodynamic-therapy-mechanisms-monitoring-and-76rc7acuq5.pdf

Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring, and optimization.

/pdf/role-of-transition-zone-index-in-the-prediction-of-clinical-4ejh959i51.pdf

Role of Transition Zone Index in the Prediction of Clinical Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

The present decade can be credited with the improved understanding of renal-cell carcinoma (RCC), its local and systemic management, and various controversies from diagnosis to types of various available interventions. The old paradigms and dogmas are no longer accepted as "the best way" without evidence, and many "old" principles are cautiously questioned. These notions have resulted in new knowledge, questions, arguments, and treatment options. This article will describe the "changing face of RCC" over the past several years and will briefly summarize the major changes and issues in the field of renal oncology. The discussed topics include improved molecular understanding of RCC, management of small renal masses, the safety and accuracy of renal mass biopsy, the emerging role of molecular imaging, the importance of maximal renal preservation, and the evolving role of laparoscopy, robotics, and ablation.

/pdf/the-changing-face-of-renal-cell-carcinoma-3bor7e2dhv.pdf

The changing face of renal-cell carcinoma.

Research Needs to Understand Self-Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Summary of NIDDK Workshop

The Motion: Cryotherapy is an Efficient Alternative for Kidney Cancer

Re: Urinary tract cancer and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: risks and screening options.

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