Typical catalyst inks in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are composed of a catalyst, its support, an ionomer and a solvent and are used with solution processing approaches to manufacture conventional catalyst layers (CLs). Because of this, catalyst ink formulation and deposition processes are closely related to CL structure and performance. However, catalyst inks with ideal rheology and optimized electrochemical performances remain lacking in the large-scale application of PEMFCs. To address this, this review will summarize current progress in the formulation, characterization, modeling and deposition of catalyst inks. In addition, this review will highlight recent advancements in catalyst ink materials and discuss corresponding complex interactions. This review will also present various catalyst ink dispersion methods with insights into their stability and introduce the application of small-angle scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) technologies in the characterization of catalyst ink microstructures. Finally, recent studies in the kinetic modeling and deposition of catalyst inks will be analyzed. The formulation and the deposition process of catalyst inks determine the formation of catalyst. The interaction between the components of the catalyst ink governs the microstructure and processability of the ink, thereby affecting the microstructure and performance of the CL.

The Controllable Design of Catalyst Inks to Enhance PEMFC Performance: A Review

This study investigated the effects of the dielectric constant (e) of a dispersion solvent and ionomer content on the rheology of graphitized carbon (GC)-supported Pt catalyst ink and the structure of catalyst layers (CLs). The ionomer dispersions and catalyst inks were tested using rheological techniques, zeta (ξ) potential, and dynamic light scattering measurements. Results showed that increases in the solvent e or ionomer content increased the ξ-potential of catalyst particles in the ink, which reduced the catalyst agglomerate size. Steady-state and oscillation scans showed that the Pt/GC catalyst ink had shear-thinning properties and gel-like behavior. The ink with a solvent e of 40 tended to be more Newtonian fluid, with low yield stress (σy). The ionomer content altered the rheology of the ink by changing the internal interaction of inks. Solvents with e of 70 and 55 enhanced the adsorption of ionomers onto catalysts, thereby increasing the adhesion between ink particles and reducing the risk of CL cracking. As the ionomer content increased, the catalyst absorbed more ionomers in inks, increasing the fracture toughness of CLs, which reduced the crack width.

Effect of Dispersion Solvents and Ionomers on the Rheology of Catalyst Inks and Catalyst Layer Structure for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

We investigate the effect of the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) carrier polymer concentration on the microstructure and rheological properties of catalyst inks for electrospun polymer–electrolyte membran...

Toward Optimizing Electrospun Nanofiber Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers: Polymer–Particle Interactions and Spinnability

Assembly of a core–shell MOF with stability into Polyacrylamide hydrogel for boosting extraction of uranium from seawater

Biomass waste, an attractive renewable carbon source, has great potential for carbon reduction. In recent years, high-performance porous carbon materials prepared from agricultural and forestry waste have demonstrated significant promise for applications in the field of dye wastewater purification. In this study, cork waste from Quercus variabilis was utilized as a raw material, melamine as a nitrogen source, and K2CO3 as a green activator to prepare nitrogen-doped porous cork activated carbon (NCAC) with a honeycomb structure. The results showed that NCAC-900, activated at 900 °C, exhibited a highly porous structure with an optimal specific surface area of 2051.35 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.18 cm3/g. To evaluate its adsorption performance towards rhodamine B (RhB), collaborative activation and post-treatment were employed to enhance the adsorption capacity of the dyes. NCAC-900 demonstrated excellent removal efficiency, with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 2552.52 mg/g (at an adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L) in a 300 mg/L solution. Nitrogen doping effectively improved the adsorption capacity for RhB, fitting well to the quasi-secondary kinetic model (R2 = 0.9973–0.9999) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.7697–0.9523) for the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data. A comparison with the existing literature also revealed that NCAC-900 possessed a remarkably fast adsorption rate of 12.82 mg/g/min. Moreover, the resorption efficiency of NCAC-900 for RhB reached approximately 66.78% after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Additionally, the obtained nitrogen-doped cork activated carbon exhibited impressive adsorption capabilities of anionic dye Congo red (CR, qm=1499.14 mg/g) and cationic dye methylene blue (MB, qm=571.54 mg/g). In conclusion, our work presented a promising method for preparing excellent NCAC as an efficient adsorbent for wastewater dyes, offering new ideas and theoretical foundations for the high-value utilization of cork materials and the development of cork activated carbon. 

Preparation of high-performance nitrogen doped porous carbon from cork biomass by K2CO3 activation for adsorption of rhodamine B

Trace nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous biochar nanospheres: Waste corn roots derived superior adsorbents for high concentration single and mixed organic dyes removal

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) provide a renewable source of energy through the redox reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gas; however, operation relies on a costly platinum catalyst layer. This study investigates how electrospun catalyst layers may be employed to increase the surface area:volume ratio for catalysis to optimize PEMFC performance. When preparing electrospinning solutions, several base polymers were evaluated in varying concentrations to optimize fiber formation, with poly(acrylic acid) found to be preferable at a 12 wt% concentration. Ultimately, PEMFCs with electrospun catalyst layers achieved a 108% increase in power output compared to those air-sprayed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8A100AF1F67DD7C55FCA8B19B8140E04/S2159685919001447a.pdf/div-class-title-electrospinning-deposition-of-poly-acrylic-acid-platinum-carbon-catalyst-ink-to-enhance-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell-performance-div.pdf

Electrospinning deposition of poly(acrylic acid): platinum/carbon catalyst ink to enhance polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

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Trace nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous biochar nanospheres: Waste corn roots derived superior adsorbents for high concentration single and mixed organic dyes removal

Electrospinning deposition of poly(acrylic acid): platinum/carbon catalyst ink to enhance polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance