Composite solid electrolytes are considered to be the crucial components of all-solid-state lithium batteries, which are viewed as the next-generation energy storage devices for high energy density and long working life. Numerous studies have shown that fillers in composite solid electrolytes can effectively improve the ion-transport behavior, the essence of which lies in the optimization of the ion-transport path in the electrolyte. The performance is closely related to the structure of the fillers and the interaction between fillers and other electrolyte components including polymer matrices and lithium salts. In this review, the dimensional design of fillers in advanced composite solid electrolytes involving 0D-2D nanofillers, and 3D continuous frameworks are focused on. The ion-transport mechanism and the interaction between fillers and other electrolyte components are highlighted. In addition, sandwich-structured composite solid electrolytes with fillers are also discussed. Strategies for the design of composite solid electrolytes with high room temperature ionic conductivity are summarized, aiming to assist target-oriented research for high-performance composite solid electrolytes.

Advanced Composite Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Filler Dimensional Design and Ion Path Optimization.

Captured by the remarkable environmental/economic value, recycling spent LiFePO4 has attracted numerous attention. However, restricted by diverse failure mechanisms and different particle‐sizes/active‐sites, recycling strategies still suffer from uneven repairing results and poor accessibility. For promoting their application in commercial systems, the uniform physical‐chemical properties are urgent for regenerated samples. Herein, by tailoring oxidation‐reduction manners, the homogeneous cathode materials can be prepared, displaying uniform particle size and restored lattice. The capacity of as‐optimized samples can be kept ≈141.5 mAh g−1 at 1.0 C, and 137 mAh g−1 with a retention of 92% after 300 cycles at 2.0 C. After Kg‐scale experiments, the pouch full‐cell (LFP‐500 vs recovered graphite) delivers ≈4200 mAh capacity, with considerable cycling stability (retention 96.83%, after 500 loops). Importantly, the detailed mechanism of oxidation/reduction‐conditions is investigated, especially their lattice reconstitution and ions‐ diffusion behaviors. Supported by kinetic analysis and DFT calculations, the fascinating stability of LFP‐500 is further proved, mainly derived from the accelerated Li‐diffusion behaviors. Compared to traditional recovering manners, oxidation/reduction process displays low cost, energy‐consumption, and pollution, accompanied with considerable large‐scale application potential. Given this, this work is anticipated to illustrate the in‐depth mechanism of lattice‐reconstruction, while offering significant strategies for large‐scale and homogenized regeneration.

Large‐Scale and Homogenized Strategies of Spent LiFePO4 Recycling: Reconstruction of Targeted Lattice

Underground salt cavern (USC) has emerged as an optimal location for large-scale energy storage, encompassing oil, gas, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and compressed air energy storage (CAES), owing to its inherent advantages of substantial capacity, stability, and hermeticity. However, most salt mines in China are characterized by a relatively thin salt layer thickness, a large number of interlayers and low salt layers grade. Consequently, a substantial proportion of the cavernous space resulting from water solution mining becomes progressively covered by insoluble sediment. Herein, the feasibility of gas storage in two butted-well horizontal (TWH) caverns with sediments, located within the Sanshui salt mine in Guangdong Province, China, is comprehensively analyzed through engineering investigation, physical model experimentation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. Firstly, a theoretical model was developed to calculate the volume of caverns based on salt grade (soluble content). Secondly, a joint physical model experiment and numerical simulation were conducted to obtain the most probable shape of the process for forming water-soluble caverns. Moreover, a novel technology was proposed to utilize sediment space for gas storage in TWH-caverns. Ultimately, the support pressure of surrounding rock was determined by using the passive earth pressure theory, and subsequently, an assessment of cavern stability was conducted. Here, the numerical simulation results demonstrated that in the absence of sediment space utilization, there was a limited capacity for gas storage, resulting in significant deformation of the surrounding rock and an increased level of roof instability. On the contrary, sediment can provide structural support to the surrounding rock, thus increasing its stability (the plastic zone expansion was reduced from 1600 % (0.3 σz), 1345 % (0.35 σz) and 1297 % (0.4 σz) to 109 %, 87 % and 78 %, respectively) and enhancing the capacity for gas storage. Accordingly, this study provides valuable guidance for the assessment of gas storage in low-grade salt sedimentary environments, as well as for the design of gas injection and brine discharge, and stability evaluations. 

Feasibility analysis on the utilization of TWH-caverns with sediment space for gas storage: A case study of Sanshui salt mine

Hierarchical Sb2S3 with N-doped carbon is prepared through thermal interfacial reactions from natural stibnite. Lattice regeneration and interfacial engineering resulted in unique porous structure and enhanced electrochemical performance.

Engineering hierarchical Sb2S3/N–C from natural minerals with stable phase-change towards all-climate energy storage

Coal-Based Electrodes for Energy Storage Systems: Development, Challenges, and Prospects

Natural Mineral Compounds in Energy-Storage Systems: Development, Challenges, Prospects

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Natural Mineral Compounds in Energy-Storage Systems: Development, Challenges, Prospects