Nanodiamonds (ND) possess remarkable properties derived from both bulk diamonds and nanoparticles. However, their full potential has been impeded by spontaneous particle agglomeration caused by high surface energy. To address this, we have developed a facile, cost-effective, and contaminant-free method to homogenize the ND surface by incorporating sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction in a mechanochemical process. Throughout this study, we extensively investigated various influencing factors, such as grinding time, reducing agent ratio, and surface charge, to successfully modify the ND surface. The results demonstrated that the introduction of hydroxyl functional groups significantly improved dispersibility and enabled the re-dispersion of modified ND into the water and other common solvents, achieving particle sizes below 200 nm. Notably, our reduced ND exhibited potential as an additive in lubricating oil, contributing to energy saving and emission reduction. For instance, when 0.02% reduced ND was supplemented into PAO6 lubricant oil, it cannot only reduce the oil consumption by 7.72% but also significantly lower CO, HC, and NOX emissions by 20.2% and 12.7%, respectively. This suggests that the proposed strategy for ND surface chemical modification can enhance colloidal stability and find practical applications in the lubricating oil industry. 

Dispersion of reduced nanodiamond and its application in lubrication

ABSTRACT This study investigates the tribological performance of graphene oxide (GO) grafted via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with two methacrylate monomers: 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and pentyl pentanoate methacrylate (PPEMA). Extensive analyses—including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS)—confirmed successful polymer grafting onto GO surfaces. Adding 0.5 wt% of these grafted GO additives to castor oil significantly reduced friction and wear compared to neat oil and pristine GO dispersions. Graphene oxide grafted with PPEMA (GO–PPEMA) achieved the lowest friction coefficient and more stable sliding behavior, attributed to its hydrophobic side chains forming effective boundary films and reducing shear. Meanwhile, graphene oxide grafted with HEMA (GO–PHEMA) offered slightly better wear protection due to enhanced interfacial interactions from its polar hydroxyl groups. Thermal analyses revealed increased decomposition temperatures for both composites, confirming their stability under frictional heat. Overall, RAFT‐mediated polymer grafting effectively tailors the tribological properties of GO additives, offering a promising strategy for advanced and sustainable lubrication systems. 

Tribological Performance of Raft‐Modified Graphene Oxide as a Lubricant Additive

Novel thermal-insulating and microwave-absorbing AlN/C aerogels prepared via solvent-free ambient pressure aging combined with carbothermal reduction nitridation technique

Study on one-step fast CRN mechanism for preparing fine AlON powder using carbon coated γ-Al2O3/C precursor

The Al2O3 ceramic coatings were prepared on the sintered NdFeB magnets by cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition (CPED) method in aluminum nitrate alcohol solution. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, element and phase composition, corrosion resistance and magnetic properties of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal shock, hydrothermal weight loss, electrochemical corrosion and physical property measurement system (PPMS), respectively. The results show that the coatings mainly consist of γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 phases, and the volume of α-Al2O3 increases with increasing the voltages. The surface of the coatings shows a typical coral reef structure, and the thickness of the coatings increases from 29 µm to 53 µm with increasing the voltages. The Al2O3 coatings have excellent thermal shock resistance as well as the excellent corrosion resistance in hydrothermal conditions. The corrosion resistance of the coatings enhances with increasing the voltages, reaching the strongest at 470 V, and then decreases. This study provides a new method for forming ceramic coatings on the surface of sintered NdFeB magnets to improve its corrosion resistance. 

Preparation, microstructure and corrosion resistance of Al2O3 coatings by cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition on sintered NdFeB permanent magnet

Preparation of single phase nano-sized AlN powder by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of hydrothermal synthesized carbon coated γ-Al2O3 from glucose via fast heating

Abstract The polyaniline (PANi)-coated nanodiamond (ND) composites were fabricated by the in situ polymerization process and dispersed in base oil as nanolubricant additives by ultrasonic-assisted dispersion. The morphology and microstructures of the nanocomposites were characterized. The in-house developed reciprocating tribo-device was utilized to conduct the tribological tests. An actual CrN piston ring–nitriding cylinder liner friction pair used in the diesel engine was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed nanolubricant additives. The wear tests were conducted under conditions that were close to the actual work condition of the selected friction pair. Furthermore, the anti-scuffing performance was also investigated and the associated mechanisms were analyzed. The results show the polymerization process inhibited the agglomeration of the NDs that were well dispersed in the PANi matrix. The stable hydrogen bonding interactions and the surface confinement effect promote the dispersion of the nanocomposites in organic base oil effectively. The developed additive can improve the friction and wear performance of the ring–cylinder liner friction pair by 12–19 and 15–24%, respectively, compared with the base oil. With the increase of temperature, the effectiveness of the nanolubricant additives is enhanced. Under the oil-starved condition, the friction pairs lubricated with PANi/ND lubricants can sustain a longer stable period with a lower friction force, and the anti-scuffing time is almost three times longer. Concerning the overall tribological performance, the optimal content of the PANi/ND additive in base oil is 2 wt%.

/pdf/characterization-and-tribology-performance-of-polyaniline-35q0cx71.pdf

Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives

The main idea of this study was to utilize the pressure and heat produced in the friction process to make Mo nanoparticles mixed in lubrication oil into the multi-layered tribo-film. An in-house developed reciprocating wear rig was used for the tribo-film deposition and associated tribological tests. By design of experiment, the optimal deposition parameter was obtained. Results indicate that the multi-layered film consists of a Mo-based concrete structure layer and a carbon-based film. Mo nanoparticles catalyze the dehydrogenation carbonization of the lubricating oil to form the carbon-based film. Tribological tests were conducted on the film. After the consumption of the carbon-based film, the Mo-based film has catalytic properties, capable of generating new carbon-based film to protect the friction pair. 

Preparation and tribological properties of the friction induced Mo-based film

Tribological performance of lubricant with high concentration graphene additive dispersed by ultrasonic technology

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Preparation of single phase nano-sized AlN powder by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of hydrothermal synthesized carbon coated γ-Al2O3 from glucose via fast heating

Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives

Preparation and tribological properties of the friction induced Mo-based film

Tribological performance of lubricant with high concentration graphene additive dispersed by ultrasonic technology