Abstract Disruptions of key food and fertilizer exports from Russia and Ukraine have exposed many countries to challenges accessing some commodities since these countries’ war began. We evaluated the short-term, external, and direct impacts of disruptions of six food commodities and three types of fertilizer supplies from Russia and Ukraine on food access for all trading partners of the two countries by applying a set of trade and socioeconomic indicators. We found that the external food supplies of 279 countries and territories were affected to varying degrees; 24 countries—especially Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Mongolia—are extremely vulnerable because they depend almost entirely on a variety of food imports from Russia and Ukraine. Access to fertilizers was affected in 136 countries and territories, particularly Estonia (potassic fertilizer), Mongolia (nitrogenous fertilizers), Kazakhstan (mixed fertilizers), and Brazil, the United States, China, and India (all types of fertilizers). An integrated assessment of countries’ import types, purchasing power parity per capita, and populations indicated that the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Pakistan are most vulnerable to such supply disruptions. Development of research into diversification and decentralization strategies for food access is needed to guide stable food supply policies. 

Countries’ vulnerability to food supply disruptions caused by the Russia–Ukraine war from a trade dependency perspective

The widespread destruction and the devastating humanitarian toll caused by the ongoing war on Gaza have transformed this besieged Strip into a place of death and despair. This review will explore the implications of this war for food security, focusing on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, which seeks to fight malnutrition and food insecurity and achieve zero hunger by 2030. This work is based on a review of grey literature, such as reports from government and non-governmental agencies, as well as recent scientific journal publications. Our results show that the ongoing war on Gaza has exacerbated the already acute food insecurity that Gazans have been struggling with since the blockade was imposed in 2007. Restless bombardment and ground operations have damaged or even razed agricultural land and all food production infrastructure (such as bakeries, mills, and food processing facilities), destroying Gaza’s food system. Facing catastrophic levels of hunger, some families, especially in northern Gaza have recently been resorting to eating animal feed and weeds to survive. With the starvation of civilians being used as a method of warfare, many experts and human rights organizations argue that Gaza is now the world’s worst hunger crisis and its population is on the verge of famine, if not already there. Moreover, this unprecedented humanitarian crisis in Gaza could have significant consequences on global food security in its six pillars, jeopardizing the implementation of SDG 2. While international organizations are making efforts to mitigate the catastrophic food shortage and famine, more comprehensive and sustainable solutions are needed to address the root causes of food insecurity in Gaza and ensure that all residents have access to an adequate and nutritious diet.

From acute food insecurity to famine: how the 2023/2024 war on Gaza has dramatically set back sustainable development goal 2 to end hunger

The changing land use is one of the primary factors influencing the pattern of carbon sources/sinks, while climate change is a major driver for land use change. With global warming increasing, assessing the impact of climate extremes on land use carbon emissions remains a great challenge. Here, we explored the changes in climate extremes from 1961 to 2020 using the CN05.1 gridded observation dataset. The impact of climate extremes on land use carbon emissions was analyzed by Pearson correlation methodology. The results demonstrated (1) extreme temperatures were trending upwards, and dry periods were long, but short periods of heavy precipitation were possible from 1961 to 2020. (2) In terms of the extreme temperature indices, the high temperatures indices were positively correlated with land use carbon emissions. For the extreme precipitation indices, all other seven indices except CDD were also positively correlated with land use carbon emissions. (3) Furthermore, the extreme heat indices were positively correlated with land use carbon emissions mainly on construction land. The wetness indices showed a positive correlation with land use carbon emissions in the middle of Shandong Province. (4) Additionally, the effect of extreme temperatures on land use carbon emissions in Shandong Province was larger than of extreme precipitation. Of all the extreme climate indices, TN10p had the largest effect on land use carbon emissions and was significantly negatively correlated. These findings will provide scientific references for regional responses to climate change and the promotion of carbon emission reduction. 

Climate extremes and land use carbon emissions: insight from the perspective of sustainable land use in the eastern coast of China

Carbon surplus or carbon deficit under land use transformation in China?

The current Ukraine War underlines the importance of grain self-sufficiency. After the adoption of the Paris Agreement, two major challenges developing countries are facing in the coming decades are increasing agricultural production to ensure food security and reducing carbon emissions (CE). The key to such an "environment-development dilemma" is to improve agricultural carbon emission efficiency (CEE). Using China as the study site, we systematically analyze the impacts of agricultural management activities on agricultural CEE from 1997 to 2019. Global and local Moran's I index tests provide evidence of a positive spatial dependence of agricultural CEE. Using the LISA cluster map, we observe that high CEE regions tend to be distributed together, dominated by environmental conditions. However, with the promotion of agricultural management activities, such a clustering pattern vanished. Our spatial Durbin model (SDM) estimation results indicate that there are significant nonlinear relationships between agricultural practices and agricultural CEE. While the consumption of fertilizers and pesticides has economies of scale effects, the deployment of agricultural machinery and irrigation have diseconomies of scale effects on local CEE. Based on the SDM results, the direct and indirect effect estimation results suggest that the significant direct and spillover effects of many practices on agricultural CEE have opposite nonlinear shapes, implying a more complicated situation in promoting these activities, as the positive regional effect of an agricultural activity might have a negative impact on adjacent regions. All the results indicate that local policymakers should carefully tailor agricultural development policies based on local environmental conditions. 

Agricultural carbon emission efficiency and agricultural practices: Implications for balancing carbon emissions reduction and agricultural productivity increment

Exploring the vegetation carbon cycle and the factors influencing vegetation carbon sequestration in areas with complex plateau-basin topography and fragile ecosystems is crucial. In this study, spatial and temporal characteristics of carbon sequestration by vegetation in Sichuan and Chongqing from 2010 to 2020 and the influencing factors were investigated through simulations of net primary productivity (NPP) using the modified Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA) and the Thornthwaite Memorial (TM) model and using chemical equations of photochemical reactions. The results indicated that: The spatial distribution of carbon sequestration capacity (CSC) trends showed an increase in the east (the most prominent increased trend along the mountainous areas of the basin) and a decrease in the west (western Sichuan plateau). Differences exist in the impact factors of CSC in different regions. In the basin margins and mountainous areas, where the proportion of forests was high, a combination of climate change and human activities contributed to the increase in CSC. The relatively warm and humid meteorological conditions in the hinterland of the basin were more conducive to the increase in CSC, and climate change also affected the region more significantly. In contrast, in the relatively high altitude of western Sichuan, controlled human activities were the key to improving CSC. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the basic theory of vegetation carbon cycle in areas with complex plateau-basin topography and fragile ecosystems, as well as to provide suggestions for ecological shelter construction and ecological restoration in the upper Yangtze River. 

The impact of climate change and human activities to vegetation carbon sequestration variation in Sichuan and Chongqing.

Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have impeded progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

Natural disasters play significant destructive roles in agricultural production. Agriculture has substantially altered the biogeochemical silica cycle via the harvest of the grain and straw of silica-rich crops. China is a developing agricultural country that experiences frequent natural disasters. Although the spatiotemporal changes in the occurrence of natural disasters are well known for individual disaster events, the study of the effects of multiple disasters on cereal crop productivity and the resultant silica harvest is still relatively new. To make the connection between natural disasters and the silica biogeochemical cycle, we compiled a dataset of natural disasters and crop production and silicon contents in cereal crops (rice, wheat, and maize) in China using province-level data from 1988 to 2016. Our results show that the area affected by natural disasters declined significantly after 2000, and changes in the area affected by natural disasters varied at the province level. From 1988 to 2016, the total silica losses from grain and straw harvests due to natural disasters were 7.14 and 53.10 million tons, respectively. Half of the silica loss in more than half of the provinces was caused by drought. Our study suggests that drought prevention will increase the size of the silica sink and thereby increase the size of the carbon sink in China's agriculture.

Natural disasters and their impacts on the silica losses from agriculture in China from 1988 to 2016

Abstract While the ongoing Russia–Ukraine war threatens global nutrition security, the magnitude and extent of its impact remain underexamined. Here we show that, with the lowest level of war duration, severity, sanction, and countries involved, the direct and indirect impacts of the war and sanctions could newly place 67.3 million people (roughly equals the total population of France) in undernourishment and 316.7 million people (roughly equals the total population of Bangladesh and Russia) suffering from extreme national food insecurity. Approximately 95% of the affected population are from developing countries, highlighting the vulnerability of food supply in these countries. Both the undernourished population and its inequality across countries will substantially grow, if war duration and severity increase. If the war is prolonged to early 2024, future agricultural growth cannot fully offset the negative impacts, and global hunger will still very likely exacerbate. We conclude that targeted measures should be placed in developing countries and their vulnerable populations to reconstruct a just, healthy, and environmentally sustainable food system. 

/pdf/the-russia-ukraine-war-disproportionately-threatens-the-hfaoash1.pdf

The Russia–Ukraine war disproportionately threatens the nutrition security of developing countries

Biodiversity Impacts of Land Occupation for Renewable Energy Infrastructure in a Globally Connected World.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Zhong Deng

Author Tools

Chat about Author