https://hbrouwer.github.io/papers/Brouwer2012GettingReal.pdf

Getting real about Semantic Illusions: Rethinking the functional role of the P600 in language comprehension

Historically, the study of speech processing has emphasized a strong link between auditory perceptual input and motor production output. A kind of 'parity' is essential, as both perception- and production-based representations must form a unified interface to facilitate access to higher-order language processes such as syntax and semantics, believed to be computed in the dominant, typically left hemisphere. Although various theories have been proposed to unite perception and production, the underlying neural mechanisms are unclear. Early models of speech and language processing proposed that perceptual processing occurred in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area) and motor production processes occurred in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). Sensory activity was proposed to link to production activity through connecting fibre tracts, forming the left lateralized speech sensory-motor system. Although recent evidence indicates that speech perception occurs bilaterally, prevailing models maintain that the speech sensory-motor system is left lateralized and facilitates the transformation from sensory-based auditory representations to motor-based production representations. However, evidence for the lateralized computation of sensory-motor speech transformations is indirect and primarily comes from stroke patients that have speech repetition deficits (conduction aphasia) and studies using covert speech and haemodynamic functional imaging. Whether the speech sensory-motor system is lateralized, like higher-order language processes, or bilateral, like speech perception, is controversial. Here we use direct neural recordings in subjects performing sensory-motor tasks involving overt speech production to show that sensory-motor transformations occur bilaterally. We demonstrate that electrodes over bilateral inferior frontal, inferior parietal, superior temporal, premotor and somatosensory cortices exhibit robust sensory-motor neural responses during both perception and production in an overt word-repetition task. Using a non-word transformation task, we show that bilateral sensory-motor responses can perform transformations between speech-perception- and speech-production-based representations. These results establish a bilateral sublexical speech sensory-motor system.

/pdf/sensory-motor-transformations-for-speech-occur-bilaterally-24va6k2j7y.pdf

Sensory–motor transformations for speech occur bilaterally

Jerome Kagan was my graduate advisor at Harvard University. It was his conviction that some maturational change must be related to the behavioral ad vances seen in babies bctwecn 6—12 months that gol me started in the line of research I am still pursuing. Jerry Kagan was one of the first developmental psychologists to appreciate that neuroscience and child development might have something to say to one another, and that such a dialogue might enrich both fields. His support, and his belief in me, made all the difference in the world in the early years of my research. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude and affection for him. H. G. J. M. Kuypers (1925—1989) was a pioneering neuroanatomist and behav ioral neuroscientist and a lovely person. He was as comfortable, and as knowledge able, at the level of behavior as at the level of anatomy and was equally curious about motor, perceptual, and cognitive processing. The meeting whose proceedings arc presented here was one of the last scientific events Hens Kuypers attended. He will be remembered fondly by all conference participants and deeply missed by the larger neuroscicnce community.

The Development And Neural Bases Of Higher Cognitive Functions

How do comprehenders build up overall meaning representations of visual real-world events? This question was examined by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants viewed short, silent movie clips depicting everyday events. In two experiments, it was demonstrated that presentation of the contextually inappropriate information in the movie endings evoked an anterior negativity. This effect was similar to the N400 component whose amplitude has been previously reported to inversely correlate with the strength of semantic relationship between the context and the eliciting stimulus in word and static picture paradigms. However, a second, somewhat later, ERP component---a posterior late positivity---was evoked specifically when target objects presented in the movie endings violated goal-related requirements of the action constrained by the scenario context (e.g., an electric iron that does not have a sharp-enough edge was used in place of a knife in a cutting bread scenario context). These findings suggest that comprehension of the visual real world might be mediated by two neurophysiologically distinct semantic integration mechanisms. The first mechanism, reflected by the anterior N400-like negativity, maps the incoming information onto the connections of various strengths between concepts in semantic memory. The second mechanism, reflected by the posterior late positivity, evaluates the incoming information against the discrete requirements of real-world actions. We suggest that there may be a tradeoff between these mechanisms in their utility for integrating across people, objects, and actions during event comprehension, in which the first mechanism is better suited for familiar situations, and the second mechanism is better suited for novel situations.

/pdf/two-neurocognitive-mechanisms-of-semantic-integration-during-15tsb94j7a.pdf

Two neurocognitive mechanisms of semantic integration during the comprehension of visual real-world events

This study presents the adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley & Lang, 1999a) for European Portuguese (EP). The EP adaptation of the ANEW was based on the affective ratings made by 958 college students who were EP native speakers. Subjects assessed about 60 words by considering the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance, using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) in either a paper-and-pencil or a Web survey procedure. Results of the adaptation of the ANEW for EP are presented. Furthermore, the differences between EP, American (Bradley & Lang, 1999a), and Spanish (Redondo, Fraga, Padron, & Comesana, Behavior Research Methods, 39, 600–605, 2007) standardizations were explored. Results showed that the ANEW words were understood in a similar way by EP, American, and Spanish subjects, although some sex and cross-cultural differences were observed. The EP adaptation of the ANEW is shown to be a valid and useful tool that will allow researchers to control and/or manipulate the affective properties of stimuli, as well as to develop cross-linguistic studies. The normative values of EP adaptation of the ANEW can be downloaded at http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.

/pdf/the-adaptation-of-the-affective-norms-for-english-words-anew-4bpcpkxeha.pdf

The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese

The processing of phonological, orthographical, and lexical information of Chinese characters in sentence contexts: an ERP study.

The effects of punctuations in Chinese sentence comprehension: An ERP study

In order to study the interaction between pictures and words, we investigated the variations of their actual arousal levels through the observation of the positivity offset and negativity bias under different conditions. We used emotional pictures and emotional Chinese words to construct stimuli under four conditions: (1) only a word was presented (Word Only condition), (2) only a picture was presented (Picture Only condition), (3) a word was presented before a picture (Word Before Picture condition) and (4) a picture was presented before a word (Picture Before Word condition). The picture and word in each target pair under the conditions (3) and (4) were congruous in content and emotion. Significant negativity bias is noticed under the Picture Only and the Word Only conditions. Effects analogous to a positivity offset are observed under the other two conditions. It is suggested that the actual arousal levels of multiple stimuli, such as those presented under the conditions (3) and (4) are different from those of individual pictures and individual words, while the actual arousal levels of individual pictures do not differ significantly from those of individual words. The results indicate that content consistency can lead to a reduction in emotional attention, and also that the influence of pictures on words will differ from the opposite condition.

The interaction between pictures and words: evidence from positivity offset and negativity bias

https://escholarship.org/content/qt4q65c99h/qt4q65c99h.pdf?t=q606kh

Analysis-by-synthesis

The influence of temporal asynchrony on multisensory integration in the processing of asynchronous audio-visual stimuli of real-world events: an event-related potential study.

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