Recent progress of separators in lithium-sulfur batteries

Strategies to anode protection in lithium metal battery: A review

Alkali metal batteries based on lithium, sodium, and potassium anodes and sulfur-based cathodes are regarded as key for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy and potential cost effectiveness. However, metal-sulfur batteries remain challenged by several factors, including polysulfides' (PSs) dissolution, sluggish sulfur redox kinetics at the cathode, and metallic dendrite growth at the anode. Functional separators and interlayers are an innovative approach to remedying these drawbacks. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in separators/interlayers for cathode and anode protection, covering the Li-S and the emerging Na-S and K-S systems. The approaches for improving electrochemical performance may be categorized as one or a combination of the following: Immobilization of polysulfides (cathode); catalyzing sulfur redox kinetics (cathode); introduction of protective layers to serve as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (anode); and combined improvement in electrolyte wetting and homogenization of ion flux (anode and cathode). It is demonstrated that while the advances in Li-S are relatively mature, less progress has been made with Na-S and K-S due to the more challenging redox chemistry at the cathode and increased electrochemical instability at the anode. Throughout these sections there is a complementary discussion of functional separators for emerging alkali metal systems based on metal-selenium and the metal-selenium sulfide. The focus then shifts to interlayers and artificial SEI/cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers employed to stabilize solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in metal-sulfur solid-state batteries (SSBs). The discussion of SSEs focuses on inorganic electrolytes based on Li- and Na-based oxides and sulfides but also touches on some hybrid systems with an inorganic matrix and a minority polymer phase. The review then moves to practical considerations for functional separators, including scaleup issues and Li-S technoeconomics. The review concludes with an outlook section, where we discuss emerging mechanics, spectroscopy, and advanced electron microscopy (e.g. cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB))-based approaches for analysis of functional separator structure-battery electrochemical performance interrelations. Throughout the review we identify the outstanding open scientific and technological questions while providing recommendations for future research topics.

Review of Multifunctional Separators: Stabilizing the Cathode and the Anode for Alkali (Li, Na, and K) Metal-Sulfur and Selenium Batteries.

Owing to the sustainability, environmental friendliness, and structural diversity of biomass‐derived materials, extensive efforts have been devoted to use them as energy storage materials in high‐energy rechargeable batteries. A timely and comprehensive review from the structures to mechanisms will significantly widen this research field. Here, it starts with the operation mechanism of batteries, and it aims to summarize the latest advances for biomass‐derived carbon to achieve high‐energy battery materials, including activation carbon methods and the structural classification of biomass‐derived carbon materials from zero dimension, one dimension, two dimension, and three dimension. Each strategy starts with carefully selected examples and then moves to illustrate the underlying transport mechanism of electrons in the structure. In the end, challenges, strategies, and outlooks are pointed out for the future development of biomass‐derived carbon materials. Overall, this review will help researchers choose appropriate strategies to design biomass‐derived carbon materials, thereby promoting the application of biomass materials in battery design.

https://eprints.qut.edu.au/229602/8/Adv_Funct_Materials_2022_Sun_Biomass_u2010Derived_Carbon_for_High_u2010Performance_Batteries_From_Structure_to_Properties_1_.pdf

Biomass‐Derived Carbon for High‐Performance Batteries: From Structure to Properties

Fibrous Materials for Flexible Li–S Battery

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aenm.201903642

Let It Catch: A Short-Branched Protein for Efficiently Capturing Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are a promising candidate for the next-generation energy storage system, yet their commercialization is primarily hindered by polysulfide shuttling and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. Here, a protein-based Janus separator was designed and fabricated for suppressing both the shuttle effect and dendrite growth, while facilitating the Li+ transport. The Li metal-protecting layer was a protein/MoS2 nanofabric with high ionic conductivity and good Li+ affinity, thus capable of homogenizing the Li+ flux and facilitating the Li+ transport. The polysulfide-trapping layer was a conductive protein nanofabric enabling strong chemical/electrostatic interactions with polysulfides. Combination of the two layers was achieved by an integrated electrospinning method, yielding a robust and integral Janus separator. As a result, a long-lived symmetric Li|Li cell (>700 h) with stable cycling performance was demonstrated. More significantly, the resulting Li-S battery delivered greatly improved electrochemical performance, including excellent rate capacity and remarkable cycle stability (with a low decay rate of 0.063 % per cycle at 0.5 A g-1 over 500 cycles). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Janus separator configurations for simultaneously addressing the shuttle effect and dendrite growth issues of Li-S batteries and broadens the applications of electrospinning in electrochemistry community.

A Protein-Based Janus Separator for Trapping Polysulfides and Regulating Ion Transport in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Revealing influence of warm bending on creep performance of heat-resistant 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25 V steel

Developing advanced battery interlayers is one of the promising approaches for trapping dissolved polysulfides in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Thus far, there is a lack of cost-effective strate...

Rational Design of Graphite Nanoplatelets Interlayers via a Surfactant-Controlled Strategy for Enhancing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The shuttling of polysulfides and uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites remain the most critical obstacles deteriorating the performance and safety of lithium–sulfur batteries. The separator plays a key role in molecule diffusion and ion transport kinetics; thus, endowing the separator with functions to address the two abovementioned issues is an urgent need. Herein, a protein-based, low-resistance Janus nanofabric is designed and fabricated for simultaneously trapping polysulfides and stabilizing lithium metal. The Janus nanofabric is achieved via combining two functional nanofabric layers, a gelatin-coated conductive nanofabric (G@CNF) as a polysulfide-blocking layer and a gelatin nanofabric (G-nanofabric) as an ion-regulating layer, into a heterostructure. The gelatin coating of G@CNF effectively enhances the polysulfide-trapping ability owing to strong gelatin–polysulfide interactions. The G-nanofabric with exceptional wettability, high ionic conductivity (4.9 × 10−3 S cm−1) and a high lithium-ion transference number (0.73) helps stabilize ion deposition and thus suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, a Li/Li symmetric cell with the G-nanofabric delivers ultra-long cycle life over 1000 h with very stable performance. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the two functional layers of the Janus nanofabric, the resulting Li–S batteries demonstrate excellent capacity, rate performance and cycling stability (e.g. initial discharge capacity of 890 mA h g−1 with a decay rate of 0.117% up to 300 cycles at 0.5 A g−1).

/pdf/a-janus-protein-based-nanofabric-for-trapping-polysulfides-4wb26snuml.pdf

A Janus protein-based nanofabric for trapping polysulfides and stabilizing lithium metal in lithium–sulfur batteries

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Let It Catch: A Short-Branched Protein for Efficiently Capturing Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A Protein-Based Janus Separator for Trapping Polysulfides and Regulating Ion Transport in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Revealing influence of warm bending on creep performance of heat-resistant 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25 V steel

Rational Design of Graphite Nanoplatelets Interlayers via a Surfactant-Controlled Strategy for Enhancing Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A Janus protein-based nanofabric for trapping polysulfides and stabilizing lithium metal in lithium–sulfur batteries