Growth in intermittent renewable sources including solar and wind has sparked increasing interest in electrical energy storage. Grid-scale energy storage integrated with renewable sources has significant advantages in energy regulation and grid security. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have emerged as a practically attractive option for electrical storage because of environmentally benign aqueous-based electrolytes, high theoretical capacity of Zn anode, and significant global reserves of Zn. However, application of AZIBs at the grid-scale is restricted by drawbacks in cathode material(s). Herein, a comprehensive summary of the features and storage mechanisms of the latest cathode materials is provided. The fundamental problems and corresponding in-depth causes for cathode materials is critically reviewed. It is also assess practical challenges, appraise their translation to commerce and industry, and systematically summarize and discuss the potential solutions reported in recent works. It is established necessary design strategies for Zn anodes and electrolytes that are matched with cathode materials for commercializing AZIBs. Finally, it is concluded with a perspective on the practical prospects for advancing the development of future AZIBs. Findings will be of interest and benefit to a range of researchers and manufacturers in the design and application of AZIBs for grid-scale energy storage. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adfm.202301291

Developing Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries: Challenges and Practical Prospects

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) stand out among many monovalent/multivalent metal‐ion batteries as promising new energy storage devices because of their good safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, there are still many great challenges to exploring new‐type cathode materials that are suitable for Zn2+ intercalation. Vanadium‐based compounds with various structures, large layer spacing, and different oxidation states are considered suitable cathode candidates for AZIBs. Herein, the research advances in vanadium‐based compounds in recent years are systematically reviewed. The preparation methods, crystal structures, electrochemical performances, and energy storage mechanisms of vanadium‐based compounds (e.g., vanadium phosphates, vanadium oxides, vanadates, vanadium sulfides, and vanadium nitrides) are mainly introduced. Finally, the limitations and development prospects of vanadium‐based compounds are pointed out. Vanadium‐based compounds as cathode materials for AZIBs are hoped to flourish in the coming years and attract more and more researchers' attention.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/advs.202206907

How About Vanadium‐Based Compounds as Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries?

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have recently attracted people's extensive attention in their application in energy storage systems resulting from their exclusive characteristics of low cost and environmental compatibility. However, finding suitable cathode materials continues to be the major challenge. Polyoxovanadates (POVs), as an important branch of polyoxometalates (POMs), are considered as a promising electrode material for reversible aqueous ZIBs relying on the flexible valence state of V. Herein, POVs (K2 Zn2 V10 O28 : KZVO) are reported as an advanced cathode for storing Zn2+ , which delivers a high discharge capacity of 223.4 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , considerable energy density (182.9 Wh kg-1 ) and power density (40.38 W kg-1 ), and robust cyclic performance. In addition, the dynamic properties of the KZVO/Zn battery are revealed by pseudocapacitance analysis and GITT tests. Meanwhile, the storage mechanism of Zn2+ is further analyzed by ex situ XRD, XPS, TEM, and HRTEM. Overall, this work not only draws up a cathode material for the POMs system in aqueous ZIBs, but also demonstrates that POMs are the rising star in energy storage and electric energy applications.

New Insight on K2 Zn2 V10 O28 as an Advanced Cathode for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery is a promising candidate for energy storage demands owing to its low cost, intrinsic safety, and ecofriendliness. However, existing aqueous zinc-ion batteries are far from achieving the exploration of appreciable cathode materials because multivalent ions have the strong charge repulsion with the host material and inherent sluggish kinetics during the charge and discharge process. Herein, we introduce a novel urchin-like magnesium vanadate as the cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Specifically, the battery delivers a high capacity of 272 mA h g–¹ at 0.2 A g–¹ and an excellent long-term cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 128.9 mA h g–¹ even after 500 cycles at 4.0 A g–¹. Additionally, the calculated energy density for the MgV₂O₄ cathode is 171.5 W h kg–¹ at 140.6 W kg–¹ power density. These remarkable electrochemical performances are attributed to the crystal structure of urchin-like MgV₂O₄ with low-valence vanadium, transforming from the order to disorder and producing a new phase during the electrochemical cycling process. This work may open an avenue for the application of low-valent vanadium-based materials for aqueous zinc-ion storage.

Urchin-like Spinel MgV₂O₄ as a Cathode Material for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous Zn-based batteries (ZIBs) possess huge advantages in terms of high safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the lack of suitable cathodes with high-capacity, long-cycling, and high-rate capability limits their practical application. Herein, we present a highly crystalline one-dimensional π-d conjugated conductive metal-organic framework by coordinating ultrasmall 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine (BTA) linkers with copper ions (Cu-BTA-H), as a cathode for ZIBs. The large ratio of active sites and dual redox mechanism of Cu-BTA-H, including the one-electron-redox reaction over copper ions (via Cu2+/Cu+) and the two-electron-redox reaction over organic ligands (via C═N/C-N), effectively enhance its reversible capacity. Meanwhile, the abundant porosity, small band gap, high crystallinity, and stable coordination structure of Cu-BTA-H endow it with fast ion/electron transport and effectively hinder the dissolution of organic ligands during cycling, respectively. Consequently, Cu-BTA-H possesses a high reversible capacity of 330 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1 and excellent rate performance and long-cycle stability, with a high capacity of 106.1 mAh g-1 at 2.0 A g-1 after 500 cycles and a high Coulombic efficiency of ∼100%. The proposed conductive MOFs with dual redox-active sites provide an efficient approach for constructing fast, stable, and high-capacity energy storage devices.

One-Dimensional π-d Conjugated Conductive Metal-Organic Framework with Dual Redox-Active Sites for High-Capacity and Durable Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc Batteries.

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (RZIBs) have attracted wide attention due to their advantages of high safety, low cost, low toxicity, and high energy density of the zinc anode. However, due...

Granular Vanadium Nitride (VN) Cathode for High-Capacity and Stable Zinc-Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) attract increasing attention due to their low cost, safety, environmental protection, and potential application in stationary energy storage. However, the realization of high discharge voltage, high cycle stability, and high energy density is still the main challenge. Herein, we report a highly stable V2O3 sample synthesized by the reduction method of boron with high-temperature molten salt. In this method, molten salt was used as solvent to react between solid and liquid, and the ion velocity is significantly accelerated; the reaction temperature and time are effectively reduced. The electrochemical performance results show that V2O3 can provide a maximum discharge specific capacity of 207 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The V2O3 electrode exhibits a high specific discharge capacity of 110 mAh g−1 after 2500 cycles at 3 A g−1; the capacity retention rate is 82.1%. Its electrochemical performance is obviously better than that of commercial V2O3. The electrochemical kinetic studies show that V2O3 electrode has a fast diffusion coefficient of zinc ions. This work provides an effective strategy to enhance the energy density and cycling stability of aqueous zinc ion-based batteries.

V2O3 as cathode of zinc ion battery with high stability and long cycling life

ZnO@Ag microspheres used as the anodic materials of superior alkaline rechargeable Zn–Ni batteries

In-situ prepared of quadrilateral flake Zn0.25(NH4) V2O5·H2O as a cathode for aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been researched widely because of some special strengths of high safety, low cost, and high energy density. Nevertheless, aqueous zinc ion batter...

Carbon-Doped Vanadium Nitride Used as a Cathode of High-Performance Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

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