The application of controlled-release fertilizer was an effective measure to improve the fertilizers utilization, increase yield, and reduce environmental pollution. This study aimed to explore the effects of application times and frequency and fertilization ratio of controlled-release compound fertilizer with different nutrient release periods on apple production. The experimental design consisted of controlled-release compound fertilizers with nutrient release period of 3 months (C3), controlled-release compound fertilizers with nutrient release period of 6 months (C6), and common compound fertilizer (CCF). The treatments included (1) one-time application of C6 in March (B-C6); (2) one-time application of C6 in October (H-C6); (3) one-time application of 50% C3 and 50% C6 in March (B-(50C3 + 50C6)); (4) one-time application of 70% C3 and 30% C6 in March (B-(70C3 + 30C6)); (5) common compound fertilizer (CCF) with one-time application of CCF in March (B-CCF); and (6) common compound fertilizer with three-time application of CCF in March, June, and October (CT). The index of apple yield, apple tree growth index, fruit quality, and soil nutrient status were evaluated in 2-year filed production system. The results indicated that the treatment of B-(50C3 + 50C6) significantly improved the growth of apple trees on trunk diameter, plant height, new shoot growth and chlorophyll content, and the apple yield increased by 8.82%. By comprehensive comparison of yield, soil nutrients, and fruit tree growth indexes, the treatment with (B-(50C3 + 50C6)) was considered to be the best controlled-release fertilizer application method.

Optimizing Fertilizer Management Based on Controlled-Release Fertilizer to Improve Yield, Quality, and Reduce Fertilizer Application on Apples

The use of isotopic analytical methods for food authentication was established years ago. Changes in food technology and consumer behavior, as well as the increasing number of cases of food fraud, necessitate ongoing research for reliable analytical authentication techniques. This literature review examines recent applications of stable isotope ratio analysis that can be used in cases of organic food mislabeling. Different isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) techniques are described in this article, including bulk IRMS analysis and the combination of IRMS with novel sample preparation and compound extraction techniques. Compound-specific IRMS analysis comprising mainly hyphenated techniques, such as gas chromatography GC-IRMS, was also considered, and was found to frequently overcome the limitations exhibited by bulk analysis. A wide range of food product categories were covered, including cereals, vegetables, fruit, animal products, and seafood, while the importance of statistical analysis was underlined in determining which stable isotopic compositions (δ(15N), δ(34S), δ(18O), δ(13C), or δ(2H)) could be used as reliable organic authenticity markers. 

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry methods for distinguishing organic from conventional food products: A review

Organic, conventional and hydroponic vegetables: Can 15N natural abundance of farm N inputs differentiate mode of production?

In view of the fact that a large amount of formaldehyde was involved in the production of urea–formaldehyde fertilizer, and the residual and decomposed formaldehyde has never been paid attention to. In this paper, the determination method of free formaldehyde content in urea–formaldehyde fertilizer was studied. A simple and accurate method for the determination of formaldehyde in urea–formaldehyde fertilizer was established based on the screening of traditional iodometry titration and acetylacetone colorimetry. The recovery rate of titration method and colorimetric method were 73.9–94.5% and 96.5–103.9%, which indicated that colorimetric method was more accurate. The optimized test conditions are as follows: fertilizer/water extraction ratio 1/20, developer acetylacetone 6 mL, the condition of reacting at 60 °C for 30 min. The linear range of formaldehyde content in urea–formaldehyde fertilizer determined by optimized method is 0.21–3.26 g/mL.

Determination of Residual Formaldehyde in Urea–Formaldehyde Fertilizer and Formaldehyde Release from Urea–Formaldehyde Fertilizer During Decomposition

ABSTRACT Recultivation of abandoned farmland (AF) is a supplement to land resources. However, less is known about the effects of different organic substitution rates (OSRs) on soil fertility under AF recultivation. We investigated the response of vegetable yields and soil physicochemical and microbial properties to five OSRs (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) in an AF. Single chemical fertilizer treatment (0 OSR) had the highest yield (54.4 and 24.8 t hm−2) and nitrate content (1118.8 and 341.5 mg kg−1) of Chinese cabbage and spinach. With the increase of OSRs, vitamin C content gradually increased in both vegetables. Organic substitution had a positive effect on the main soil fertility indicators. Although 50% and 75% OSRs had not the highest vegetable yield, they significantly improved vegetable quality and soil fertility. Therefore, it is feasible to increase or maintain soil fertility by organic substitution under AF recultivation.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26395940.2022.2064335?needAccess=true

Evaluation of organic substitution based on vegetable yield and soil fertility

Natural nitrogen isotope abundance (δ15N) has been suggested as a potential indicator for discriminating organic vegetables from their conventional counterparts. However, little is known about the ...

Responses of natural 15N abundance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) and soil to the application of organic and chemical fertilizers

Biomaterials as regenerative therapies for traumatic brain injury: a narrative review

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Responses of natural 15N abundance in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) and soil to the application of organic and chemical fertilizers

Biomaterials as regenerative therapies for traumatic brain injury: a narrative review