Nutrition and atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease has been a huge threat to human health. Studies of cardiovascular disease is always an important field of basic medicine. Noncoding RNAs, once thought to be useless, are gaining attention from researchers along with the development of genetics and medical informatics. Most of noncoding RNAs are long noncoding RNA. Evidences suggest that long noncoding RNAs are connected to cardiovascular doisease, yet we still dont know much about their functions and how they work. Here we review the functions and characteristics of long noncoding RNAs and the relationship between long noncoding RNAs and cardiovascular disease. These studies may contribute to better comprehension of the etiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.

LncRNAs and cardiovascular diseases

Sequence polymorphisms in a 58kb interval on chromosome 9p21 confer a markedly increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death worldwide 1,2. The variants have a substantial impact on the epidemiology of CAD and other life?threatening vascular conditions since nearly a quarter of Caucasians are homozygous for risk alleles. However, the risk interval is devoid of protein?coding genes and the mechanism linking the region to CAD risk has remained enigmatic. Here we show that deletion of the orthologous 70kb noncoding interval on mouse chromosome 4 affects cardiac expression of neighboring genes, as well as proliferation properties of vascular cells. Chr4delta70kb/delta70kb mice are viable, but show increased mortality both during development and as adults. Cardiac expression of two genes near the noncoding interval, Cdkn2a and Cdkn2b, is severely reduced in chr4delta70kb/delta70kb mice, indicating that distant-acting gene regulatory functions are located in the noncoding CAD risk interval. Allelespecific expression of Cdkn2b transcripts in heterozygous mice revealed that the deletion affects expression through a cis-acting mechanism. Primary cultures of chr4delta70kb/delta70kb aortic smooth muscle cells exhibited excessive proliferation and diminished senescence, a cellular phenotype consistent with accelerated CAD pathogenesis. Taken together, our results provide direct evidence that the CAD risk interval plays a pivotal role in regulation of cardiac Cdkn2a/b expression and suggest that this region affects CAD progression by altering the dynamics of vascular cell proliferation.

Targeted deletion of the 9p21 noncoding coronary artery disease risk interval in mice

Increasing researches have highlighted the properties of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulating gene transcription, epigenetics, stem cells differentiation and other biological processes. Vascular endothelial cells have been implicated in the process of angiogenesis since they comprise the morphological basis of cardiovascular system. Vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells affects the occurrence and progression of various cardiovascular diseases while secretion of inflammatory factors can induce vascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Autophagy has been widely regarded as an inflammation-related defensive mechanism in cardiovascular diseases. Emerging studies have addressed the involvement of lncRNAs in vascular endothelial cells. As vascular endothelia cells exert great effects on the cardiovascular system, this review discusses the correlations between lncRNAs and vascular endothelia cells with emphasis on regulation of lncRNAs on both autophagy and inflammation in vascular endothelia cells.

/pdf/mechanism-of-long-non-coding-rnas-in-autophagy-and-2b543auqgp.pdf

Mechanism of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Autophagy and Inflammation of Vascular Endothelial Cells: A Review

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Mechanism of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Autophagy and Inflammation of Vascular Endothelial Cells: A Review