Although conventional electromechanical circuit breakers have a proven record as effective and reliable devices for circuit protection, emerging power distribution technologies and architectures, such as dc microgrids, require improved interruption performance characteristics (eg, faster switching speed) The need for faster switching operation, in combination with the latest developments of advanced power semiconductor technologies, has spurred an increase in the research and development in the area of solid-state circuit breakers This article provides a comprehensive review of various solid-state circuit breaker technologies that have been reported in the literature during recent years First, we categorize solid-state circuit breakers based on key features and subsystems, including power semiconductor devices, main circuit topologies, voltage clamping methods, gate drivers, fault detection methods, and commutation methods for power semiconductor devices Second, we discuss the various challenges associated with the design of solid-state circuit breakers from the perspective of generic applications and provide a comparison of several solid-state breaker technologies based on key metrics Finally, we provide a useful framework and point of reference for future development of solid-state circuit breakers for many emerging power distribution applications

A Review of Solid-State Circuit Breakers

High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems are now well integrated into AC systems in many jurisdictions. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a major focus and the role of HVDC systems is expanding. However, the protection of HVDC systems against DC faults is a challenging issue that can have negative impacts on the reliable and safe operation of power systems. Practical solutions to protect HVDC grids against DC faults without a widespread power outage include: 1) using DC circuit breakers (CBs) to isolate the faulty DC-link, 2) using a proper converter topology to interrupt the DC fault current, and/or 3) using high-power DC transformers and DC hubs at strategic points within DC grids. The application of HVDC CBs is identified as the best approach that satisfies both DC grids and connected AC grids’ requirements. This article reports a comprehensive review of HVDC CBs technologies, including recent significant attempts in the development of modern HVDC CBs. The functional analysis of each technology is presented. Additionally, different technologies based on information obtained from literature are compared. Finally, recommendations for the improvement of CBs are presented.

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HVDC Circuit Breakers: A Comprehensive Review

The ultrafast protection speed requirement motivates the adoption of solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) for dc shipboard power systems. A 1 kV and 1.5 kA SS dc circuit breaker (DCCB) based on reverse blocking integrated gate commutated thyristor (RB-IGCT) semiconductor technology was designed, built, and tested for dc fault protection of naval dc shipboard power systems. This article presents different aspects and challenges in designing an RB-IGCT based SS DCCB, the selection and design of a selected protection coordination scheme, and the validation test setup and experimental testing results of a single SS DCCB and protection coordination between SS DCCBs. The developed SS DCCB delivers premium fault protection performance and is the solution of choice for demanding dc distribution systems, battery energy storage systems, and other distribution systems with high penetration of power electronics converters. Thanks to the fast fault interruption, the fault energy going through the system is greatly reduced and some components may be designed with lower engineering margins.

Solid-State Circuit Breaker Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems: Breaker Design, Protection Scheme, Validation Testing

Review of DC circuit breaker application

The DC circuit breaker is an indispensable building block for DC network systems. Hybrid circuit breakers that combine mechanical and solid-state switches have more potential to be utilized in DC distribution networks because of their lower conduction losses and fast interrupt speed. The efficient energy DC interrupter with surge protection (EDISON) removes any solid-state circuit in the main current path, thereby substantially reducing the conduction losses during normal operations. However, it requires a dedicated control with fast dynamics because any false triggering of the mechanical switch or solid-state switches of the breaker would lead to a commutation failure and a potential unquenchable arc. This paper proposes a finite-state-machine (FSM) based control scheme that guarantees an accurate and fast control response during a fault event. Due to this fast response requirement, a dual-core-CPU-based control architecture is applied featuring parallel taskings and negligible communication delays between the two cores. Furthermore, a control-law-accelerator (CLA) is employed to further reduce the latency of the program execution by 33%. The controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) model of the EDISON breaker is implemented in OPAL-RT to verify the control scheme and de-risk the prototype test. A fifth-order RLC network is developed to characterize the mechanical switch behavior such that the hybrid circuit model can be simulated in the CHIL solely by circuit components. Finally, the proposed control scheme is implemented and validated in a prototype test with a 3 kA interrupting current and a 60 A/μs current commutation rate. 

Control Development and Fault Current Commutation Test for the EDISON Hybrid Circuit Breaker

The ultrafast protection speed requirement motivates the adoption of Solid-State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs) for DC shipboard power systems. A 1kV and 1.5kA SSCB based on Reverse Blocking IGCT (RB-IGCT) semiconductor technology was designed, built, and tested for DC fault protection of naval DC shipboard power systems. This paper presents different aspects and challenges in designing an RB-IGCT based SSCB, the selection and design of a selected protection coordination scheme, and the validation test setup and experimental testing results of a single SSCB and protection coordination. The developed SSCB can also be applied for fault protection of other DC distribution system applications.

SSCB Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems: Breaker Design, Protection Scheme, Validation Testing

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Solid-State Circuit Breaker Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems: Breaker Design, Protection Scheme, Validation Testing

SSCB Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems: Breaker Design, Protection Scheme, Validation Testing