Phosphorus compounds, such as metal phosphides and phosphates have shown excellent performances and great potential in electrochemical energy storage, which are demonstrated by research works published in recent years. Some of these metal phosphides and phosphates and their hybrids compare favorably with transition metal oxides/hydroxides, which have been studied extensively as a class of electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, where they have limitations in terms of electrical and ion conductivity and device stability. To be specific, metal phosphides have both metalloid characteristics and good electric conductivity. For metal phosphates, the open-framework structures with large channels and cavities endow them with good ion conductivity and charge storage capacity. In this review, we present the recent progress on metal phosphides and phosphates, by focusing on their advantages/disadvantages and potential applications as a new class of electrode materials in supercapacitors. The synthesis methods to prepare these metal phosphides/phosphates are looked into, together with the scientific insights involved, as they strongly affect the electrochemical energy storage performance. Particular attentions are paid to those hybrid-type materials, where strong synergistic effects exist. In the summary, the future perspectives and challenges for the metal phosphides, phosphates and hybrid-types are proposed and discussed.

Metal Phosphides and Phosphates-based Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors.

Polymeric metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived composites are promising functional materials because of their exceptional chemical homogeneity, designable components, and adjustable pore size. The modulation of oxygen and Mn vacancies via the introduction of heteroatoms and changes in the annealing temperature in MOFs‐derived composites can be a possible solution to investigate the polarization loss mechanism, which facilitates the improvement of electromagnetic loss capacity. Herein, the design of laminate‐stacked sphere‐shaped trimetallic CoNiMn‐MOFs is presented. The derived CoNi/MnO@C composites retain the original topography of the MOFs. The concentration of oxygen vacancies increases with the incorporation of heteroatoms, but decreases with annealing temperature, which prevails in the polarization loss mechanism rather than the contribution of Mn2+ vacancies and heterogeneous interfaces. Therefore, the minimum reflection loss of the CoNi/MnO@C sample demonstrates −55.2 dB at 2.6 mm and the broad effective absorption bandwidth reaches 8.0 GHz at 2.1 mm. This work is expected to provide meaningful insights into the significant effect of ion vacancy modulation on the EM wave‐absorbing performance of Mn‐based MOFs‐derived composites.

Oxygen Vacancy‐Induced Dielectric Polarization Prevails in the Electromagnetic Wave‐Absorbing Mechanism for Mn‐Based MOFs‐Derived Composites

Vanadium based materials as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors

High conductivity graphene-like MoS2/polyaniline nanocomposites and its application in supercapacitor

In recent years, high efficiency, low cost and environmental friendly energy storage has drawn attention to meet the constantly escalating energy crisis. Conducting polymers in their pristine form have difficulty in achieving satisfying characteristics required for practical applications in electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Considering that conducting polymer composites have emerged as pertinent and beneficial resources for electrochemical capacitive energy storage, this review investigates the relevant topics by presenting the approaches in the design and fabrication of conducting polymer composites as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitive energy storage. The key issues for achieving optimized supercapacitive performances, such as fabricating nanostructured electrodes and tailoring microstructures of conducting polymer composites, are described and concisely discussed in this review. Finally, an outlook of the prospects and challenges in terms of synthesis and applications of conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors is presented.

Conducting polymer composites: material synthesis and applications in electrochemical capacitive energy storage

A hydroquinone redox electrolyte for polyaniline/SnO2 supercapacitors

Synthesis of polyaniline/SnO2 nanocomposite and its improved electrochemical performance

Facile in-situ redox synthesis of hierarchical porous activated carbon@MnO2 core/shell nanocomposite for supercapacitors

Preparation and supercapacitive performance of clew-like porous nanocarbons derived from sucrose by catalytic graphitization

In this paper, we studied the VOPO4·2H2O as an electrode material for supercapacitors. A systematic comparison of VOPO4·2H2O prepared by reflux and hydrothermal methods was carried out through detailed analyses that included power X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their electrochemical performances were also investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Meanwhile, we proposed a possible charge storage mechanism on the VOPO4·2H2O electrode surface. The material synthesized by reflux method had better performance in the capacitance than that by hydrothermal method, and its specific capacitance was up to 202 F/g at 2 mV/s. A total of 67.4 % of capacitance was maintained for the VOPO4·2H2O synthesized by reflux method when current density changed from 0.2 to 2 A/g, much higher than those obtained from the hydrothermal-synthesized VOPO4·2H2O supercapacitor of 42.5 %. The energy density of VOPO4·2H2O supercapacitor synthesized by reflux method was 18.7 Wh/kg at 290 W/kg and maintained 6.2 Wh/kg at 1,421 W/kg, much higher than the hydrothermal-synthesized VOPO4·2H2O supercapacitor. Our work confirms that VOPO4·2H2O is a potential electrode material for supercapacitors.

Effect of synthetic methods on electrochemical performances of VOPO 4 ·2H 2 O supercapacitor

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