A micro structure folded cladding porous shaped with circular air hole photonic crystal fiber (FP-PCF) is proposed and numerically investigated in a broader wavelength range from 1.4 µm to 1.64 µm (E+S+C+L+U) for chemical sensing purposes. Employing finite element method (FEM) with anisotropic perfectly matched layer (PML) various properties of the proposed FP-PCF are numerically inquired. Filling the hole of core with aqueous analyte ethanol (n = 1.354) and tuning different geometric parameters of the fiber, the sensitivity order of 64.19% and the confinement loss of 2.07 × 10- 5 dB/m are attained at 1.48 µm wavelength in S band. The investigated numerical simulation result strongly focuses on sensing purposes; because this fiber attained higher sensitivity with lower confinement loss over the operating wavelength. Measuring time of sensitivity, simultaneously confinement loss also inquired. It reflects that confinement loss is highly dependable on PML depth but not for sensitivity. Beside above properties numerical aperture (NA), nonlinearity, and effective area are also computed. This FP-PCF also performed as sensor for other alcohol series (methanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol). Optimized FP-PCF shows higher sensitivity and low confinement loss carrying high impact in the area of chemical as well as gas sensing purposes. Surely it is clear that install such type of sensor will flourish technology massively.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1462119.pdf

Folded cladding porous shaped photonic crystal fiber with high sensitivity in optical sensing applications: Design and analysis

In this paper, a highly sensible photonic crystal fiber based on a modified hexagonal structure has mentioned and demonstrated modal analysis precisely. Numerical investigation of the proposed fiber is rigorously computed using full vector finite element method (FV-FEM) with anisotropic perfect match layers. Liquid analytes are used here to infiltrate fiber core. Relative sensitivity is numerically investigated and optimized by varying the different parameters of the proposed structure at a wider wavelength regime 1.0–1.7 μm within IR region. The proposed simple structural PCF shows higher sensitivity as a chemical sensor for lower refractive index chemicals such as Water, Ethanol and Benzene. Moreover, some essential properties such as confinement loss, V parameter, spot size, beam divergence, and nonlinearity are also represented distinctly. The proposed PCF gains higher sensitivity of 53.22%, 48.19% and 55.56% for Ethanol, Water and Benzene respectively at 1.33 μm wavelength with lower confinement loss. Above result reveals that proposed fiber is capable to provide potential impact in telecommunications, chemical sensing as well as bio-sensing also.

Liquid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber for sensing purpose: Design and analysis

A compact polarization beam splitter based on a gold-filled photonic crystal fiber with a square lattice is proposed. The full vector finite element method is used to design and characterize the proposed ultra-compact and ultra-broadband polarization splitter. The plasmonic plays an important role in order to achieve an ultra-short length of 56.33 µm with a high extinction ratio of 132.92 dB at the wavelength of 1.55 µm. It can ensure an ultra-broad bandwidth of 530 nm, from 1225 to 1755 nm, covering all the communication bands with an extinction ratio better than 20 dB. The proposed polarization splitter may be a promising candidate in communication due to its ultra-short length and ultra-broad bandwidth.

Ultra-short polarization splitter based on a plasmonic dual-core photonic crystal fiber with an ultra-broad bandwidth

The thermal phase noise in giant interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (fiber length L > 10 km) and its impact on the detection sensitivity are theoretically derived and experimentally verified. It is confirmed that thermal phase noise cannot be overlooked for the giant IFOGs. Utilizing high order eigen frequency modulation can effectively suppress the walk-off component of thermal phase noise, but the residual part contributes to high-frequency range thus limits the detection bandwidth of giant IFOGs. The self-noise is experimentally demonstrated as 3.5 nrad/s/Hz at low frequencies and 5.2 nrad/s/Hz at 100 Hz in the IFOG with a 30-km single mode fiber coil. Discussions about the fiber characteristics on thermal phase noise are presented, which paves the way to the design of giant IFOGs.

Thermal phase noise in giant interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes.

We design, fabricate, and demonstrate the first hollow-core air-gap anti-resonant fiber coupler in a dual hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (DHAF) structure. The coupling takes place through an air gap between air cores, promising a limitless operation window beyond material transmission. The DHAF follows the same waveguide mechanism as the hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HAF). The coupling is attainable over the entire transmission bands determined by a resonant frequency of a HAF. A coupling length, thus coupling strength, is controllable by adjusting fiber design parameters. In addition, at a fixed design and length, the coupling strength linearly responds to longitudinal mechanical tension, enabling continuous variable coupling ratio in a single coupler. Furthermore, we confirm that the coupler is polarization insensitive, and does not require precise polarization alignment of an input beam. We demonstrate its robust coupling performance and applicability in forming a fiber laser ring cavity, and delivering and power splitting ultrafast laser pulse. The air-core air-gap coupling promises applications in mid-infrared and ultraviolet regions where the current coupling technology is limited.

Hollow-core air-gap anti-resonant fiber couplers

Thermal effects of fiber sensing coils in different winding pattern considering both thermal gradient and thermal stress

A novel (to our knowledge) type of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with high nonlinearity and flattened dispersion is proposed. The propagation characteristics of chromatic dispersion, effective area, and nonlinearity are studied numerically by using the full-vector finite element method. Several PCF designs with high nonlinearity and nearly zero flattened dispersion or broadband flattened, and even ultraflattened, dispersion over different wavelength bands are obtained by optimizing the structural parameters. One optimized PCF has a nearly zero ultraflattened dispersion of 2.3  ps/(nm·km) with a dispersion variation of 0.2  ps/(nm·km) over the C+L+U wavelength bands. In addition, the dispersion slope and nonlinear coefficient at 1.55 μm can be up to 2.2×10−3  ps/nm2·km and 33.2  W−1·km−1, respectively. The designs proposed in this paper have bright prospects for applications in all-optical format conversion, supercontinuum generation, optical wavelength conversion, and many other fields.

Design of highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers with flattened chromatic dispersion

Drift suppression in a dual-polarization fiber optic gyroscope caused by the Faraday effect

Design of short polarization splitter based on dual-core photonic crystal fiber with ultra-high extinction ratio

Reduction of the Shupe effect in interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes: The double cylinder-wound coil

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