Large-Scale Fabrication of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Their Utilization in Polymeric Composites with Improved Thermal and Mechanical Properties

Sensors are becoming increasingly significant in our daily life because of the rapid development in electronic and information technologies, including Internet of Things, wearable electronics, home automation, intelligent industry, etc. There is no doubt that their performances are primarily determined by the sensing materials. Among all potential candidates, layered nanomaterials with two-dimensional (2D) planar structure have numerous superior properties to their bulk counterparts which are suitable for building various high-performance sensors. As an emerging 2D material, MXenes possess several advantageous features of adjustable surface properties, tunable bandgap, and excellent mechanical strength, making them attractive in various applications. Herein, we particularly focus on the recent research progress in MXene-based sensors, discuss the merits of MXenes and their derivatives as sensing materials for collecting various signals, and try to elucidate the design principles and working mechanisms of the corresponding MXene-based sensors, including strain/stress sensors, gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, and humidity sensors. In the end, we analyze the main challenges and future outlook of MXene-based materials in sensor applications.

Ti3C2TX MXene for Sensing Applications: Recent Progress, Design Principles, and Future Perspectives.

Electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalysis play a critical role toward the realization of a sustainable energy economy. They facilitate numerous redox reactions in energy storage and conversion systems, enabling the production of chemical feedstock and clean fuels from abundant resources like water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. One major obstacle for their large-scale implementation is the scarcity of cost-effective, durable, and efficient catalysts. A family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) has recently emerged as promising earth-abundant candidates for large-area catalytic energy storage and conversion due to their unique properties of hydrophilicity, high metallic conductivity, and ease of production by solution processing. To take full advantage of these desirable properties, MXenes have been combined with other materials to form MXene hybrids with significantly enhanced catalytic performances beyond the sum of their individual components. MXene hybridization tunes the electronic structure toward optimal binding of redox active species to improve intrinsic activity while increasing the density and accessibility of active sites. This review outlines recent strategies in the design of MXene hybrids for industrially relevant electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and photoelectrocatalytic applications such as water splitting, metal-air/sulfur batteries, carbon dioxide reduction, and nitrogen reduction. By clarifying the roles of individual material components in the MXene hybrids, we provide design strategies to synergistically couple MXenes with associated materials for highly efficient and durable catalytic applications. We conclude by highlighting key gaps in the current understanding of MXene hybrids to guide future MXene hybrid designs in catalytic energy storage and conversion applications.

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Rational Design of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbide/Nitride (MXene) Hybrids and Nanocomposites for Catalytic Energy Storage and Conversion

Review—Towards 5th Generation AI and IoT Driven Sustainable Intelligent Sensors Based on 2D MXenes and Borophene

Breath analysis is an attractive strategy that holds tremendous potential to achieve non-implantable physical health management enabled by flexible humidity sensors for breathing behaviors (e.g., continuity, frequency) related to disease monitoring and chemiresistive gas sensors related early disease diagnosis. Compared to other techniques for breath component detection, non-invasive breathing diagnostics based on chemical sensors can offer several advantages like miniaturization, low power consumption, simple structure and cost-saving, which is helpful to enhance the portability of practical tests. Although extensive research has been carried out over the past two decades to improve sensing performances of breath gas sensors, many problems need to be further addressed when it comes to clinical disease diagnosis. Developing integrated gas sensor arrays have become one of the efficient solutions to improve detection accuracy. To get rid of external power supply, various novel sensors combining with self-powered technology are designed to exhibit a desirable development prospect in breath analysis. Thus, this review aims to summarize the latest research advances on wearable humidity-enabled breathing behaviors monitoring and typical biomarker gases-based disease screening, and also provides the prospects of future development from individual sensors to integrated devices and self-powered health monitoring systems.

Evolution of breath analysis based on humidity and gas sensors: Potential and challenges

Extensive efforts have been devoted to improving the cycling stability and reversibility of lithium-sulfur batteries. However, unsolved challenges and difficulties still remain in suppressing the shuttle effect, improving the conductivity and structural stability of sulfur cathodes. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3D) grid heterostructure VO2(p) (paramontroseite-VO2) nanorod cluster growing on the surface of two-dimensional V2C (MXene) nanosheets as a high-performance catalytic host for sulfur cathodes. The results of first-principles calculation demonstrate that VO2(p) nanorods can synergize with V2C to enhance the adsorption capacity of host for lithium polysulfides in this host structure and reduce the redox reaction barrier in the conversion of polysulfides to short-chain sulfides. In addition, the high specific surface area and structural stability of the host material can increase the redox reaction kinetics and cyclic reversibility of the electrode. The VO2(p)-V2C/S cathode exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance and excellent reversible discharge capacity (1250 mAh·g-1 at 0.2C), long-term cycling stability (69.1% retention at 2C after 500 cycles), and high sulfur loading cycling capacity (initial areal capacity of 9.3 mAh·cm-2 at 0.2C for 200 cycles). Our research provides a valuable reference for the design of high-performance cathode structures with high sulfur loading.

VO2(p)-V2C(MXene) Grid Structure as a Lithium Polysulfide Catalytic Host for High-Performance Li-S Battery.

Strong and conductive reduced graphene oxide-MXene porous films for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

A novel electrocatalytic material VS2@V2C was proposed for the first time and successfully prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. T-VS2 nanosheets were uniformly and vertically embedded on the V2C (MXene) matrix with a fewer layer structure. Owing to the fast charge transfer process at the interface of the two-phase structure and good conductivity, the composite material showed a lower hydrogen evolution overpotential and a very low Tafel slope in highly alkaline and highly acidic electrolytes (164 mV and 47.6 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH; 138 mV and 37.9 mV dec−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4) under a current density of 20 mV cm−2. More importantly, high-efficiency and stable electrolysis of seawater was achieved at a current density greater than 100 mA cm−2, and the catalytic performance was significantly better than that of platinum-based alloys. First-principles calculations mechanically confirmed that VS2@V2C had higher carrier mobility and lower free energy of hydrogen adsorption. The VS2 nanosheets that grew outwards could provide support to avoid agglomeration on the catalyst surface and the edge sulfur sites of VS2 could promote the binding of adsorbed hydrogen atoms and the desorption of hydrogen molecules. Our work is expected to provide a valuable reference for the design and synthesis of the structure of industrial catalysts for hydrogen production from seawater in the future.

2D heterogeneous vanadium compound interfacial modulation enhanced synergistic catalytic hydrogen evolution for full pH range seawater splitting.

Two-dimensional molybdenum carbides belong to a novel family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides called MXenes, which have a wide range of electrochemical applications. However, the synergistic catalysis of transition metal carbides and disulfides has not been studied in depth. A strategy was proposed to prepare a 2D organ-like Mo2C MXene matrix derived from Mo2Ga2C crystals, coupled with MoS2 nanoflowers to explore the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of molybdenum carbides and disulfides. Compared with Mo2CTx (where Tx means F, O, and OH surface terminations) Mxene catalysts, MoS2@Mo2CTx nanohybrids showed significantly enhanced HER activity, with a low overpotential of 176 mV in alkaline media at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a very small overpotential of 26 Ω. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the reduction of the hydrogen adsorption energy of the MoS2@Mo2CTx nanohybrids could be attributed to fast electron transport ensured by Mo2CTx with intrinsic conductivity and a large number of hydrogen adsorption sites provided by MoS2 nanoflowers. The synthetic method is promising to tailor the specific properties by preparing organ-like molybdenum carbides coupled with MoS2 nanoflowers.

2D organ-like molybdenum carbide (MXene) coupled with MoS2 nanoflowers enhances the catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction

Metal-organic frameworks-derived CoP anchored on MXene toward an efficient bifunctional electrode with enhanced lithium storage

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