Rational biochar application rate for cotton nutrient content, growth, yields, productivity, and economic benefits under film-mulched trickle irrigation

Functionalities of activated carbon (AC) is one of the essential factors determining its performance for adsorption. In this study, the evolution of functionalities and structure of AC from activation of pine needles with ZnCl2 versus temperature was explored. The results indicated that the ZnCl2 activator could remarkably increase yields of solid product (AC) via catalyzing dehydration, condensation and aromatization of sugary structures, minimizing the formation of aliphatic and phenolic organics in bio-oil. The pore structures of AC generated by this process also exhibited high sensitivity to temperature. The specific surface area of resulting AC could increase from 699.2 m2g−1 at 400 °C to 2030.2 m2g−1 at 500 °C, which could also decrease to 907.9 m2g−1 at 700 °C. Migration and aggregation of ZnO at 700 °C resulted in the loss of capability for supporting carbon structures, leading to shrinkage or collapse of the pore structures. The characterization with in-situ IR technique showed that ZnCl2 catalyzed dehydration of hydroxyl group and conversion of carbonyls in aldehydes/ketones into larger π-conjugated structures but not worked on the C-O-C bonds for bridging benzene rings. However, the transformation of ZnCl2 to ZnO above 500 °C lost the catalytic activity, inducing little change of elemental composition but re-structuring of AC through merge of pores. 

Activation of pine needles with zinc chloride: Evolution of functionalities and structures of activated carbon versus increasing temperature

The environmental impact from the waste disposal has been widely concerned around the world. The conversion of wastes to useful resources is important for the sustainable society. As a typical family of wastes, biomass materials basically composed of collagen, protein and lignin, are considered as useful resources for recycle and reuse. In recent years, the development of carbon material derived from biomasses, such as plants, crops, animals and their application in electrochemical energy storage have attracted extensive attention. Through the selection of the appropriate biomass, the optimization of the activation method and the control of the pyrolysis temperatures, carbon materials with desired features, such as high-specific surface area, variable porous framework, and controllable heteroatom-doping have been fabricated. Herein, this review summarized the preparation methods, morphologies, heteroatoms doping in the plant/animal-derived carbonaceous materials, and their application as electrode materials for secondary batteries and supercapacitors, and as electrode support for lithium-sulfur batteries. The challenges and prospects for the controllable synthesis and large-scale application of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials have also been outlooked.

Biomass-derived carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage.

Lilies are bulbous flowers cherished for their aesthetic and medicinal value. Within the realm of lily cultivation, scale-cutting serves as a prevailing method for vegetative propagation, yielding diminutive bulbs termed bulblets at the base of scales. However, the burgeoning demand for lilies necessitates the optimization of propagation strategies to satisfy the surging requisites. This study centers on two synthetic cytokinin analogs, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) and 2-isopentenyladenine (2-iP), identified for their capacity to amplify bulblet formation within the Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar 'Matrix'. This dynamic process encompasses two pivotal phases: initiation and development. During bulblet initiation, the basal region of the maternal scale, subject to CPPU and 2-iP treatment, exhibited an elevation in the expression of cytokinin receptor genes (<italic>LaAHK2/3/4</italic>) and an augmented GA3/ZT ratio in comparison to the control, concomitant with a decrease in the IAA/ZT ratio. Moreover, CPPU and 2-iP treatments caused a notable upregulation of sucrose metabolism genes. During bulblet development stage, CPPU and 2-iP treatments invoked an augmentation in both the diameter and mass of the bulblets. The CPPU treatment accentuated the accumulation of GA3, while the 2-iP treatment effectively fostered the accrual of IAA. Additionally, both CPPU and 2-iP treatments expedited the pace of sucrose utilization and the accumulation of starch during bulblet development. This enhanced metabolic activity was conjoined by a substantial upregulation of genes linked to sucrose metabolism. Here, we underscore the proficiency of CPPU and 2-iP in elevating the formation of lily bulblets through their orchestrated impact on hormone levels and sucrose metabolism.

Cytokinins influence bulblet formation by modulating sugar metabolism and endogenous hormones in Asiatic hybrid lily

The FKBP (FK506-binding protein) gene family is an important member of the PPlase protease family and plays a vital role during the processes of plant growth and development. However, no studies of the FKBP gene family have been reported in cucumber. In this study, 19 FKBP genes were identified in cucumber, which were located on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7. Phylogenetic analysis divided the cucumber FKBP genes into three subgroups. The FKBP genes in the same subgroup exhibited similar structures and conserved motifs. The cis-acting elements analysis revealed that the promoters of cucumber FKBP genes contained hormone-, stress-, and development-related cis-acting elements. Synteny analysis of the FKBP genes among cucumber, Arabidopsis, and rice showed that 12 kinds of syntenic relationships were detected between cucumber and Arabidopsis FKBP genes, and 3 kinds of syntenic relationships were observed between cucumber and rice FKBP genes. The tissue-specific expression analysis showed that some FKBP genes were expressed in all tissues, while others were only highly expressed in part of the 10 types of tissues. The expression profile analysis of cucumber FKBP genes under 13 types of stresses showed that the CsaV3_1G007080 gene was differentially expressed under abiotic stresses (high temperature, NaCl, silicon, and photoperiod) and biotic stresses (downy mildew, green mottle mosaic virus, Fusarium wilt, phytophthora capsica, angular leaf spot, and root-knot nematode), which indicated that the CsaV3_1G007080 gene plays an important role in the growth and development of cucumber. The interaction protein analysis showed that most of the proteins in the FKBP gene family interacted with each other. The results of this study will lay the foundation for further research on the molecular biological functions of the cucumber FKBP gene family. 

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Cucumber FKBP Gene Family in Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

A runner, as an elongated branch, develops from axillary bud (AXB) in the leaf axil and is crucial for clonal propagation of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Runner formation occurs in at least two steps: AXB initiation and AXB outgrowth. HANABA TARANU (HAN) encodes a GATA transcription factor that affects AXB initiation in Arabidopsis and promotes branching in grass species, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, the function of a strawberry HAN homologue FaHAN in the runner formation was characterized. FaHAN transcripts can be detected in the leaf axils. Overexpression (OE) of FaHAN increased the number of runners mainly by enhancing AXB outgrowth in strawberry. The expression of the strawberry homolog of BRANCHED1, a key inhibitor of AXB outgrowth in many plant species, was significantly down-regulated in the AXBs of FaHAN-OE lines, whereas the expression of the strawberry homolog of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS, a marker gene for AXB initiation in Arabidopsis, was up-regulated. Moreover, several genes of gibberellin biosynthesis and cytokinin signaling pathways were activated, while the auxin response pathway genes were repressed. Further assays indicated that FaHAN could be directly activated by FaNAC2, whose overexpression in strawberry also increased the number of runners. Silencing of FaNAC2 or FaHAN inhibited AXBs initiation and led to higher proportion of dormant AXBs confirming their roles in the control of runner formation. Taken together, our results revealed a FaNAC2-FaHAN pathway in the control of runner formation and provided means to enhance vegetative propagation of cultivated strawberry.

https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/10138/356839/1/A_Factor_HANABA_TARANU_Promotes_Runnering_by_Regulating_Axillary_Bud_Initiation.pdf

The GATA Factor HANABA TARANU Promotes Runnering by Regulating Axillary Bud Initiation and Outgrowth in Cultivated Strawberry.

Nitrogen-doped Cotton Stalk Porous Carbon Composite as Anode Material for Lithium-ion battery

Several members of the genus Ilarvirus infect fruit trees and are distributed worldwide. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is one of the most prevalent viruses, causing significant losses. Cucumis sativus can be infected by several ilarviruses, leading to obvious symptoms, including PNRSV, which suggests that cucumbers could be good hosts for the study of the pathogenesis of ilarviruses. Real-time quantitative PCR is an optimal choice for studying gene expression because of its simplicity and its fast and high sensitivity, while its accuracy is highly dependent on the stability of the reference genes. In this study, we assessed the stability of eleven reference genes with geNorm, NormFinder, ΔCt method, BestKeeper, and the ranking software, RefFinder. The results indicated that the combined use of EF1α and F-BOX was the most accurate normalization method. In addition, the host genes AGO1, AGO4, and RDR6 were selected to test the reliability of the reference genes. This study provides useful information for gene expression analysis during PNRSV infection and will facilitate gene expression studies associated with ilarvirus infection.

/pdf/selection-and-validation-of-reference-genes-for-gene-j0gzf4u6.pdf

Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus-Infected Cucumis sativus

The coat protein (CP) of plant viruses generally has multiple functions involving infection, replication, movement and pathogenicity. Functions of the CP of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), the causal agent of several threatening diseases of Prunus fruit trees, are poorly studied. Previously, we identified a novel virus in apple, apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV), which is phylogenetically related to PNRSV and probably associated with apple mosaic disease in China. Full-length cDNA clones of PNRSV and ApNMV were constructed, and both are infectious in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), an experimental host. PNRSV exhibited higher systemic infection efficiency with more severe symptoms than ApNMV. Reassortment analysis of genomic RNA segments 1-3 found that RNA3 of PNRSV could enhance the long-distance movement of an ApNMV chimaera in cucumber, indicating the association of RNA3 of PNRSV with viral long-distance movement. Deletion mutagenesis of the PNRSV CP showed that the basic motif from amino acids 38 to 47 was crucial for the CP to maintain the systemic movement of PNRSV. Moreover, we found that arginine residues 41, 43 and 47 codetermine viral long-distance movement. The findings demonstrate that the CP of PNRSV is required for long-distance movement in cucumber, which expands the functions of ilarvirus CPs in systemic infection. For the first time, we identified involvement of Ilarvirus CP protein during long-distance movement.

The coat protein of the ilarvirus prunus necrotic ringspot virus mediates long-distance movement.

Saline-sodic soil is widely distributed around the world and has induced severe impacts on ecosystems and agriculture. Biomass pyrolysis fluid (BPF), as a substance rich in organic acids, has been proposed as a saline-alkali soil conditioner. One of the main problems with BPF applications is the potential contamination of the phenolic substances it contains. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reduce the phenolic substances in BFP and study the improvement effect of BFP on saline-alkali soil. Firstly, we explored the physicochemical properties of BPF prepared at different temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C). Then BPF was separated into upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP) by a simple one-step salting-out extraction method. We found that phenolic substances were mainly concentrated in the UP (average content was 193.27 mg/g), and the content of phenolic substances in the LP was effectively reduced (average content was 64.52 mg/g). Next, we added the LP diluted at different times (0, 50, 100, 200, 400) into saline-alkali soil for improvement experiments. The experimental results show that the lower phase diluted 400 times at the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ was added into saline-alkali soil, which greatly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the action of organic acids, soil pH (the average was 7.43) and total salt content could be reduced effectively, and soil enzyme activities can be increased. Microbial community analysis showed that the addition of LP could increase the proportion of Actinomycetes, which played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility and then improved the growth of Chinese cabbage. 

/pdf/dephenolization-pyrolysis-fluid-improved-physicochemical-drrzq8ah.pdf

Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils

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