Adenovirus VA RNA: An essential pro-viral non-coding RNA.

This work deals with the Dakin–West synthesis, starting from the nucleoamino acid 1-thyminyl acetic acid, as well the NMR, ESI MS, and X-ray characterization of a heteroaromatic compound denominated by us T2CO, comprising two thymine moieties anchored to a 2-propanonic unit, the spectroscopic properties of which were studied by UV as a function of temperature and ionic strength. Preliminary binding-studies with molecules of biomedical interest such as nucleic acids and proteins, performed on samples containing T2CO, suggested that this molecule is able to interact very weakly with double-stranded RNA, whereas it does not seem to bind other nucleic acids or proteins. Moreover, by studies with fresh human serum we found that T2CO is resistant to enzymatic degradation till 24 h, whereas UV metal binding-studies, performed using solutions of copper (II) chloride dihydrate and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate, revealed a certain ability of T2CO to bind copper (II) cation. Finally, by CD spectroscopy we investigated the influence of T2CO on the already described supramolecular networks based on l-serine-containing nucleopeptides. More particularly, we found that T2CO is able to increase the level of structuration of the non-covalent supramolecular assembly of the chiral nucleopeptides, which is a feature of remarkable interest for the development of innovative drug delivery tools.

Dakin–West reaction on 1-thyminyl acetic acid for the synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-thyminyl)-2-propanone, a heteroaromatic compound with nucleopeptide-binding properties

In this work, we report the asymmetric synthesis and characterization of an artificial amino acid based on triazolyl-thione l-alanine, which was modified with a thiophenyl-substituted moiety, as well as in vitro studies of its nucleic acid-binding ability. We found, by dynamic light scattering studies, that the synthetic amino acid was able to form supramolecular aggregates having a hydrodynamic diameter higher than 200 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrated, by UV and CD experiments, that the heteroaromatic amino acid, whose enzymatic stability was demonstrated by HPLC analysis also after 24 h of incubation in human serum, was able to bind a RNA complex, which is a feature of biomedical interest in view of innovative antiviral strategies based on modulation of RNA–RNA molecular recognition.

Thiophenyl-substituted triazolyl-thione l -alanine: asymmetric synthesis, aggregation and biological properties

Viruses induce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the host cells. The mammalian system has developed dsRNA-dependent recognition receptors such as RLRs that recognize the long stretches of dsRNA as PAMPs to activate interferon-mediated antiviral pathways and apoptosis in severe infection. Here we report an efficient antiviral immune response through dsRNA-dependent RLR receptor-mediated necroptosis against infections from different classes of viruses. We demonstrated that virus-infected A549 cells were efficiently killed in the presence of a chimeric RLR receptor, dsCARE. It measurably suppressed the interferon antiviral pathway but promoted IL-1β production. Canonical cell death analysis by morphologic assessment, phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase cleavage and chemical inhibition excluded the involvement of apoptosis and consistently suggested RLR receptor-mediated necroptosis as the underlying mechanism of infected cell death. The necroptotic pathway was augmented by the formation of RIP1-RIP3 necrosome, recruitment of MLKL protein and the activation of cathepsin D. Contributing roles of RIP1 and RIP3 were confirmed by gene knockdown. Furthermore, the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 but not the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD impeded dsCARE-dependent infected cell death. Our data provides compelling evidence that the chimeric RLR receptor shifts the common interferon antiviral responses of infected cells to necroptosis and leads to rapid death of the virus-infected cells. This mechanism could be targeted as an efficient antiviral strategy.

Activation of innate antiviral immune response via double-stranded RNA-dependent RLR receptor-mediated necroptosis.

Cationic peptides as RNA compaction agents: a study on the polyA compaction activity of a linear alpha,epsilon-oligo-L-lysine.

Double-stranded (ds)RNA in the infected cells is a trait shared by most if not all viruses. While humans have developed variable immune responses, viruses have also developed countermeasures to defeat dsRNA-induced antiviral strategies. Thus, we proposed a broad antiviral strategy to antagonize the countermeasures of viruses and bypass the dsRNA-induced signals that are readily defeated by viruses. By rewiring the dsRNA-binding proteins in the dsRNA complex and reconnecting them to apoptosis signaling, we created several dsRNA-dependent caspase recruiters, termed dsCAREs, to bypass dsRNA-induced antiviral signals that would otherwise be targeted by viruses. Adenovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus, representing viruses of the dsDNA and negative-stranded RNA viral groups, were used to infect HEK293 cells. The dsCARE chimera was added in medium to evaluate its antiviral activity. The truncated dsCAREs were used as controls. We demonstrate that dsCARE suppresses viral infection starting at 0.1 μg/ml and reaches the peak at 2 μg/ml. The EC(50) was ∼0.2 μg/ml. However, it had an undetectable effect on uninfected cells. Further data show that both dsRNA binding and apoptosis activation of dsCARE are essential for its antiviral activity. We conclude that dsRNA is a practical virus-associated molecular pattern that can be targeted for broad and rapid antiviral prophylaxis.

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1096/fj.09-144915

Targeting viral dsRNA for antiviral prophylaxis

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Targeting viral dsRNA for antiviral prophylaxis