Importance Boarding in the emergency department (ED) is a critical indicator of quality of care for hospitals. It is defined as the time between the admission decision and departure from the ED. As a result of boarding, patients stay in the ED until inpatient beds are available; moreover, boarding is associated with various adverse events. Study objective The objective of our systematic review was to determine whether ED boarding (EDB) time is associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). Methods A systematic search was conducted in academic databases to identify relevant studies. Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched. We included all peer-reviewed published studies from all previous years until November 2018. Studies performed in the ED and focused on the association between EDB and IHM as the primary objective were included. Extracted data included study characteristics, prognostic factors, outcomes, and IHM. A search update in PubMed was performed in May 2019 to ensure the inclusion of recent studies before publishing. Results From the initial 4,321 references found through the systematic search, the manual screening of reference lists and the updated search in PubMed, a total of 12 studies were identified as eligible for a descriptive analysis. Overall, six studies found an association between EDB and IHM, while five studies showed no association. The last remaining study included both ICU and non-ICU subgroups and showed conflicting results, with a positive association for non-ICU patients but no association for ICU patients. Overall, a tendency toward an association between EDB and IHM using the pool random effect was observed. Conclusion Our systematic review did not find a strong evidence for the association between ED boarding and IHM but there is a tendency toward this association. Further well-controlled, international multicenter studies are needed to demonstrate whether this association exists and whether there is a specific EDB time cut-off that results in increased IHM.

/pdf/association-between-boarding-in-the-emergency-department-and-2e8k6ksevf.pdf

Association between boarding in the emergency department and in-hospital mortality: A systematic review.

Reliability and validity of the four-level Chinese emergency triage scale in mainland China: A multicenter assessment.

Timely access to health services has become increasingly difficult due to demographic change and aging people growth. These create new heterogeneous challenges for society and healthcare systems. Congestion at acute hospitals has reached unprecedented levels due to the unavailability of acute beds. As a consequence, patients in need of treatment endure prolonged waiting times as a decision whether to admit, transfer, or send them home is made. These long waiting times often result in boarding patients in different places in the hospital. This threatens patient safety and diminishes the service quality while increasing treatment costs. It is argued in the extant literature that improved communication and enhanced patient flow is often more effective than merely increasing hospital capacity. Achieving this effective coordination is challenged by the uncertainties in care demand, the availability of accurate information, the complexity of inter-hospital dynamics and decision times. A hybrid simulation approach is presented in this paper, which aims to offer hospital managers a chance at investigating the patient boarding problem. Integrating ‘System Dynamic’ and ‘Discrete Event Simulation’ enables the user to ease the complexity of patient flow at both macro and micro levels. ‘Design of Experiment’ and ‘Data Envelopment Analysis’ are integrated with the simulation in order to assess the operational impact of various management interventions efficiently. A detailed implementation of the approach is demonstrated on an emergency department (ED) and Acute Medical Unit (AMU) of a large Irish hospital, which serves over 50,000 patients annually. Results indicate that improving transfer rates between hospital units has a significant positive impact. It reduces the number of boarding patients and has the potential to increase access by up to 40% to the case study organization. However, poor communication and coordination, human factors, downstream capacity constraints, shared resources and services between units may affect this access. Furthermore, an increase in staff numbers is required to sustain the acceptable level of service delivery.

A hybrid system dynamics, discrete event simulation and data envelopment analysis to investigate boarding patients in acute hospitals

Effort-reward imbalance is an adverse psychological response to working conditions that has several negative effects on nurses. However, there is little research on effort-reward imbalance and its influencing factors among nurses in emergency departments. This study aimed to understand the current situation of effort-reward imbalance and explore its influencing factors among emergency department nurses in China. From July to August 2018, a structured online questionnaire survey was conducted among emergency department nurses in China. Data were collected from emergency department nurses employed in hospitals providing pre-hospital care in China. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic characteristics, work-related factors and effort-reward imbalance. A descriptive analysis and a binary logistic regression were conducted to explore the effort-reward imbalance and its influencing factors among emergency department nurses. The study involved 17,582 emergency department nurses; notably, the prevalence of effort-reward imbalance was 59.66%. The participating nurses who were males, aged 25 to 34 years, whose educational level was a bachelor degree or above, who had a junior or above title, who had longer years of service, and who had suffered verbal or physical violence in the past year had a higher risk of effort-reward imbalance. Furthermore, the nurses with a high monthly income, who believed that the number of nurses met the department’s demand had a lower risk of effort-reward imbalance. Effort-reward imbalance was prevalent among emergency department nurses in China. Measures such as adjusting the night shift frequency, increasing the number of nurses, raising salaries and reducing workplace violence should be considered to reduce the level of effort-reward imbalance.

/pdf/evaluating-effort-reward-imbalance-among-nurses-in-emergency-3ju0x15dop.pdf

Evaluating effort-reward imbalance among nurses in emergency departments: a cross-sectional study in China.

espanolIntroduccion. El hacinamiento en servicios de emergencia de hospitales terciarios hace colapsar sus procesos y prolonga tiempos de espera. Objetivo. Evaluar el tiempo de espera de pacientes con problemas medicos urgentes, en un servicio de emergencia despues de implementar un programa de mejora de procesos con facilitadores. Metodos. Estudio observacional. Se incluyeron a pacientes mayores de 14 anos con problemas medicos de prioridad III segun escala de Manchester, entre las 6 y 23 horas del dia. El equipo de facilitadores estuvo contituido por tecnicos administrativos capacitados (dos por turno de 8 horas diarias) que aceleraban los procesos diagnosticos y terapeuticos de los pacientes atendidos ambulatoriamente. Se midio tiempo de espera para primera atencion y total de permanencia en emergencia. Resultados. Se evaluaron 36 mil atenciones de prioridad III, siendo mayores en el cuarto trimestre, los dias lunes, entre 7 y 11 am. La mediana de tiempo de espera para primera atencion fue de 35 minutos, mientras que la mediana de tiempo de permanencia en emergencia fue 2,9 horas; siendo mayor cuando se solicita interconsulta a otra especialidad (5 horas). El 90% de atenciones tuvieron permanencia total en emergencia menor a cinco horas. Conclusion. El tiempo de espera para atencion en emergencia en pacientes de prioridad III, despues de la implementacion de un programa de mejora de procesos con facilitadores, fue similar a estandares internacionales EnglishIntroduction. Overcrowding in emergency department of tertiary hospitals collapses its processes and prolongs waiting times. Objective. To evaluate waiting times for patients with urgent medical problems, in an emergency department after implementing a program of process improvement with facilitators. Methods. An observational study. Patients older than 14 years-old with priority III problems, who were attended between 6-23 hours, were included in the study. The team of facilitators was made up of trained administrative technicians (two each 8-hour period per day), who accelerated the diagnostic and therapeutic processes in outpatient. Waiting time for first attention and total length of stay in emergency services were measured. Results. 36 thousand attentions of priority III were evaluated, being higher in the fourth quarter of the year, on Monday, between 7 and 11 am. The median waiting time for arrival to provider was 35 minutes, and median time of length of stay in emergency was 2.9 hours. It were being longer when interconsultation is requested to another specialty (5 hours). 90% of attentions had a length stay in emergency less than five hours. Conclusion. The waiting time for emergency attention in priority III patients, after implementation of the process facilitator program, was similar to international standards

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7791088.pdf

Tiempo de espera para atención médica urgente en un hospital terciario después de implementar un programa de mejora de procesos

Background Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a serious issue worldwide. Objectives This study was done to evaluate the degree of overcrowding in local “teaching hospitals” in Beijing, and to ascertain the apparent root causes for the pervasive degree of overcrowding in these EDs. Methods This is a multicenter cross-sectional study. The studied population included all ED patients from 18 metropolitan teaching hospital EDs in Beijing for calendar years 2013 and 2014. Patient characteristics, and the primary reasons that these patients sought care in these EDs, are described. Results The total numbers of annual emergency visits were 1,554,387 and 1,615,571 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. High acuity cases accounted for 4.6% and 5.5% of the total annual emergency visits in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The percentage of patients placed into “Observation” beds, which were created to accommodate patients deemed to have problems too complex to be treated in an inpatient bed, or to accommodate patients simply needing chronic care, was 11.9% and 13.1% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The ED-boarded patients accounted for 2.71% and 2.6% of the total annual emergency visits in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The average waiting time to admit the ED-boarded patients was 37.1 h and 36.2 h in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Respiratory symptoms were the most common presenting complaints, and an upper respiratory infection was the most common ED diagnosis. Patients who had pneumonia or various manifestations of end-stage diseases, such as advanced dementia or multiple organ dysfunction, were the most common characteristics of patients who had stays in “Observation” units. Conclusions One principal reason for ED crowding in Beijing lies in the large numbers of patients who persist in the expectation of receiving ongoing care in the ED for minor illnesses. However, as is true in many nations, one of the other most important root causes of ED crowding is “access block,” the inability to promptly move patients deemed by emergency physicians to need inpatient care to an inpatient bed for that care. However, in our system, another challenge, not widely described as a contributor to crowding in other nations, is that doctors assigned to inpatient services have been empowered to refuse to admit patients perceived to have overly “complex” needs. Further, patients with multisystem illnesses or end-stage status, who need ongoing chronic care to manage activities of daily living, have begun to populate Beijing EDs in increasing numbers. This is an issue with various root causes.

/pdf/causes-of-emergency-department-overcrowding-and-blockage-of-3thh70adcp.pdf

Causes of Emergency Department Overcrowding and Blockage of Access to Critical Services in Beijing: A 2-Year Study

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Causes of Emergency Department Overcrowding and Blockage of Access to Critical Services in Beijing: A 2-Year Study