3D printing alias additive manufacturing can transform 3D virtual models created by computer-aided design (CAD) into physical 3D objects in a layer-by-layer manner dispensing with conventional molding or machining. Since the incipiency, significant advancements have been achieved in understanding the process of 3D printing and the relationship of component, structure, property and application of the created objects. Because hydrogels are one of the most feasible classes of ink materials for 3D printing and this field has been rapidly advancing, this Review focuses on hydrogel designs and development of advanced hydrogel-based biomaterial inks and bioinks for 3D printing. It covers 3D printing techniques including laser printing (stereolithography, two-photon polymerization), extrusion printing (3D plotting, direct ink writing), inkjet printing, 3D bioprinting, 4D printing and 4D bioprinting. It provides a comprehensive overview and discussion of the tailorability of material, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties of hydrogels to enable advanced hydrogel designs for 3D printing. The range of hydrogel-forming polymers covered encompasses biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, nanocomposites, functional polymers, and cell-laden systems. The representative biomedical applications selected demonstrate how hydrogel-based 3D printing is being exploited in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, in vitro disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, surgical preparation, soft robotics and flexible wearable electronics. Incomparable by thermoplastics, thermosets, ceramics and metals, hydrogel-based 3D printing is playing a pivotal role in the design and creation of advanced functional (bio)systems in a customizable way. An outlook on future directions of hydrogel-based 3D printing is presented.

3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications

Biomedical hydrogels as sole repair matrices or combined with pre-seeded cells and bioactive growth factors are extensively applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels normally provide three dimensional structures for cell adhesion and proliferation or the controlled release of the loading of drugs or proteins. Various physiochemical properties of hydrogels endow them with distinct applications. In this review, we present the commonly used crosslinking method for hydrogel synthesis involving physical and chemical crosslinks and summarize their current progress and future perspectives.

Advances in crosslinking strategies of biomedical hydrogels

Fluoride contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: A comprehensive review.

Biopolymer-based hydrogel electrolytes for advanced energy storage/conversion devices: properties, applications, and perspectives

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption by Mg-loaded biochar from different feedstocks.

Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate hydrogel with high toughness and electric conductivity

Facile synthesis of chitosan-based carbon with rich porous structure for supercapacitor with enhanced electrochemical performance

Preparation and characterization of novel magnetic Fe3O4/chitosan/Al(OH)3 beads and its adsorption for fluoride.

Facile synthesis of MnO2 nanorods grown on porous carbon for supercapacitor with enhanced electrochemical performance

The starch/PVA films with the addition of 30 wt.% Ca(NO3)2 and different content of Tween 20 are prepared by solution casting. The effect of Ca(NO3)2 on the crystalline, thermal, and mechanical properties of starch/PVA film is studied by X-ray diffraction measurement, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing, respectively. The effect of Tween 20 on the properties of Ca(NO3)2 doped starch/PVA film is studied. The water sorption properties and the water vapor barrier properties of starch/PVA films are studied. The results shows that Ca(NO3)2 can effectively destroy the crystals of starch and PVA. The Ca(NO3)2 doped starch/PVA film shows a high water sorption rate and low water vapor barrier properties. Tween 20 can increase the water resisting properties and increase the flexibility of Ca(NO3)2 doped starch/PVA film. With the combination of Ca(NO3)2 and Tween 20 the flexible starch/PVA film with a high water resisting ability is obtained.

Synergism Effect of Surfactant and Inorganic Salt on the Properties of Starch/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Film

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