A review is provided, which first considers low-temperature diffusion bonding with silver nanomaterials as filler materials via thermal sintering for microelectronic applications, and then other recent innovations in low-temperature joining are discussed. The theoretical background and transition of applications from micro to nanoparticle (NP) pastes based on joining using silver filler materials and nanojoining mechanisms are elucidated. The mechanical and electrical properties of sintered silver nanomaterial joints at low temperatures are discussed in terms of the key influencing factors, such as porosity and coverage of substrates, parameters for the sintering processes, and the size and shape of nanomaterials. Further, the use of sintered silver nanomaterials for printable electronics and as robust surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates by exploiting their optical properties is also considered. Other low-temperature nanojoining strategies such as optical welding of silver nanowires (NWs) throu...

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Joining of Silver Nanomaterials at Low Temperatures: Processes, Properties, and Applications

Carbon fiber reinforced AA5052 bulk composites were successfully fabricated by multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP), aiming to improve the wear-resistance of AA5052. The microstructural, mechanical and tribological performances of the composites were documented and investigated. Microstructure observations indicated that, in the composites, carbon fibers were homogeneously dispersed in large volume, where no obvious Al4C3 layer was detected between the matrix and the carbon fibers. The orientation of carbon fibers in the composites were random owing to the severe plastic deformation brought on by FSP. Further mechanical tests showed that the hardness of the composites increased by 46.8% comparing to the base metal, and that the composite fabricated at 1000 rpm and 75 mm/min showed 18.6% higher UTS and 13.0% higher elongation in comparison with the base metal. The wear tests illustrated that wear process of the composites was more stable and the wear volume loss was reduced by more than 70%. The strengthening of mechanical properties was attributed to formation of GNDs, crack deflection and load transfer of carbon fibers. The further analysis on the worn surfaces revealed that abrasive wear occurred in the composites, while adhesive wear occurred in both the based metal and FSPed matrix. The addition of carbon fibers segments in the aluminum could suppress the nucleation and propagation of micro-cracks, which effectively prevented the material peeling during the wear process and thus improved the tribological properties. In addition, the formation of mechanical mixing layer would be another contributing factor to the improvement of wear resistance.

Fabrication of in situ carbon fiber/aluminum composites via friction stir processing: Evaluation of microstructural, mechanical and tribological behaviors

Alloy nanoparticles are characterized by the combination of multiple interesting properties, which are attractive for technological and scientific purposes. A frontier topic of this field is nanoalloys with compositions not thermodynamically allowed at ordinary temperature and pressure (i.e. metastable), because they require out-of-equilibrium synthetic approaches. Recently, laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) was successfully applied for the realization of metastable nanoalloys because of the fast kinetics of nanoparticle formation. However, the role played by the chemical environment on the final composition and structure of laser generated nanoalloys still has to be fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the influence of different synthetic conditions on the LASiS of metastable nanoalloys composed of Au and Fe, such as the use of water instead of ethanol, the bubbling of inert gases and the addition of a few vol% of H2O2 and H2O. The two elements showed different reactivity when LASiS was performed in water instead of ethanol, while minor effects were observed from bubbling pure gases such as N2, Ar and CO2 in the liquid solution. Moreover, the plasmonic response and the structure of the nanoalloys were sensibly modified by adding H2O2 to water. We also found that nanoparticle production is dramatically influenced just by adding 0.2% of H2O in ethanol. These results suggest that the formation of a cavitation bubble with long lifetime and large size during LASiS is useful for the preservation of the metastable alloy composition, whereas an oxidative environment hampers the formation of metastable alloy nanoparticles. Overall, by acting on the type of solvent and solutes, we were able to switch from a traditional synthetic approach for the composition of Au–Fe nanoalloys to one using a reactive environment, which gives unconventional structures such as metal@iron-oxide nanoshells and nanocrescents of oxide supported on metal nanospheres. These results expand the knowledge about the mechanism of the formation of nanoalloys using LASiS and show how to obtain multielement nanoparticles of enormous interest for nanomedicine, plasmonics, magneto-plasmonics and catalysis.

Metastable alloy nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanocrescents and nanoshells generated by laser ablation in liquid solution: influence of the chemical environment on structure and composition

In the welding process between similar or dissimilar materials, inserting an intermediate layer and pressure assistance are usually thought to be necessary. In this paper, the direct welding between alumina-silicate glass and metal (aluminum, copper, and steel), under exposure from 1 kHz femtosecond laser pulses without any auxiliary processes, is demonstrated. The micron/nanometer-sized metal particles induced by laser ablation were considered to act as the adhesive in the welding process. The welding parameters were optimized by varying the pulse energy and the translation velocity of the sample. The shear joining strength characterized by a shear force testing equipment was as high as 2.34 MPa. This direct bonding technology has potential for applications in medical devices, sensors, and photovoltaic devices.

Direct welding of glass and metal by 1 kHz femtosecond laser pulses.

The ZrB 2 –20 vol.% SiC (ZS) composites were diffusion bonded to Nb using pure Ti interlayer. Effects of joining temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. The results show that Ti reacted with Nb and ZS to form a typical three layers in the joint. An in situ synthesized TiB whiskers array which consisted of two types of TiB was produced in the reaction layer. The formation mechanism of TiB was analyzed. Mutual diffusion between Ti and Nb led to a ductile β-(Ti, Nb) layer on Nb side. Joining temperature influenced the thickness of reaction layers and distribution of TiB seriously. The maximum shear strength reached 158 MPa with bonding temperature at 1200 °C for 60 min.

Diffusion bonding of ZrB2–SiC/Nb with in situ synthesized TiB whiskers array

Molecular dynamics simulation of linear friction welding between dissimilar Ti-based alloys

Improving the strength of brazed joints with in situ synthesized TiB whiskers

The joining of Al-Fe nanoparticles (NPs) by femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation is reported in this paper. Fe and Al NPs were deposited on a carbon film in vacuum via fs laser ablation. Particles were then exposed to multiple fs laser pulses at fluences between 0.5 and 1.3 mJ/cm2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Electron Diffraction X-ray observations indicate that Al and Fe NPs bond to each other under these conditions. For comparison, bonding of Al to Al and Fe to Fe NPs was also investigated. The nanostructure, as observed using TEM, showed that individual Al NPs were monocrystalline while individual Fe NPs were polycrystalline prior to joining and that these structures are retained after the formation of Al-Al and Fe-Fe NPs. Al-Fe NPs produced by fs laser joining exhibited a mixed amorphous and crystalline phase at the interface. Bonding is suggested to originate from intermixing within a region of high field intensity between particles.

https://uwaterloo.ca/centre-advanced-materials-joining/sites/ca.centre-advanced-materials-joining/files/uploads/files/2014_jiao_2.pdf

Nanostructure evolution in joining of Al and Fe nanoparticles with femtosecond laser irradiation

Joint properties between carbon nanotube and gold at different energy levels from molecular dynamics

We report the first synthesis of subcluster segregated nanoalloys formed through the joining of immiscible metallic nanoparticles (NPs) using femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation. Immiscible alloy components consisting of Ag and Ni, and Ag and Fe, all in the form of NPs, were first deposited on a carbon film in vacuum by fs laser ablation from the parent metals. These samples of randomly distributed NPs were then irradiated with multiple fs laser pulses at a fluence of 1.5 mJ/cm2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicate that Ag and Ni as well as Ag and Fe NPs were successfully joined under these conditions. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results show that no mixing layer exists at the interface. The nanostructure in the interface reveals the assumption of a specific angle between two matching planes on either side of the interface. Calculation of the lattice mismatch indicates that the system adjusts to this angle so as to reduce surface energy. Structural ledges were also formed at the ...

Formation and Characterization of Femtosecond-Laser-Induced Subcluster Segregated Nanoalloys

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