Microtubule-Targeting Agents: Strategies To Hijack the Cytoskeleton.

Microtubule-targeting agents and their impact on cancer treatment.

Microtubule (MT)-targeting agents are highly successful drugs as chemotherapeutic agents, and this is attributed to their ability to target MT dynamics and interfere with critical cellular functions, including, mitosis, cell signaling, intracellular trafficking, and angiogenesis. Because MT dynamics vary in the different stages of the cell cycle, these drugs tend to be the most effective against mitotic cells. While this class of drug has proven to be effective against many cancer types, significant hurdles still exist and include overcoming aspects such as dose limited toxicities and the development of resistance. Newer generations of developed drugs attack these problems and alternative approaches such as the development of dual tubulin and kinase inhibitors are being investigated. This approach offers the potential to show increased efficacy and lower toxicities. This review covers different categories of MT-targeting agents, recent advances in dual inhibitors, and current challenges for this drug target.

/pdf/current-advances-of-tubulin-inhibitors-as-dual-acting-small-25cn5z1d6k.pdf

Current advances of tubulin inhibitors as dual acting small molecules for cancer therapy.

Kinome-wide profiling platforms have comprehensively identified the relevant kinases that are targeted by numerous protein kinase inhibitors. However, recent projects have begun to discover non-kinase targets of kinase inhibitors. These non-kinase targets can contribute to the desired or undesired activities of inhibitors, or act as silent bystanders. As a full awareness of a drug's mechanism of action is crucial for the interpretation of results and for successful preclinical and clinical drug development, these discoveries highlight the importance of understanding the pharmacology of kinase inhibitors beyond the kinome. In this Review, I discuss kinase inhibitors for which non-kinase targets have been identified and the application of emerging techniques to validate drug-target engagement in intact cells.

Non-kinase targets of protein kinase inhibitors

Antimitotics that target tubulin are among the most useful chemotherapeutic drugs, but their clinical activity is often limited by the development of multidrug resistance. We recently discovered the novel small-molecule DJ101 as a potent and metabolically stable tubulin inhibitor that can circumvent the drug efflux pumps responsible for multidrug resistance of existing tubulin inhibitors. In this study, we determined the mechanism of action of this drug. The basis for its activity was illuminated by solving the crystal structure of DJ101 in complex with tubulin at a resolution of 2.8A. Investigations of the potency of DJ101 in a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines harboring major clinically relevant mutations defined IC50 values of 7-10 nmol/L. In cells, DJ101 disrupted microtubule networks, suppressed anchorage-dependent melanoma colony formation, and impaired cancer cell migration. In melanoma-bearing mice, DJ101 administration inhibited tumor growth and reduced lung metastasis in the absence of observable toxicity. DJ101 also completely inhibited tumor growth in a paclitaxel-resistant xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer (PC-3/TxR), where paclitaxel was minimally effective. Our findings offer preclinical proof of concept for the continued development of DJ101 as a next-generation tubulin inhibitor for cancer therapy.Significance: These findings offer preclinical proof of concept for the continued development of DJ101 as a next-generation antitubulin drug for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 78(1); 265-77. ©2017 AACR.

/pdf/a-potent-metabolically-stable-tubulin-inhibitor-targets-the-33v4j4u5yg.pdf

A Potent, Metabolically Stable Tubulin Inhibitor Targets the Colchicine Binding Site and Overcomes Taxane Resistance.

Microtubules are dynamic assemblies of αβ-tubulin heterodimers and have been recognized as highly attractive targets for cancer chemotherapy. A broad range of agents bind to tubulin and interfere with microtubule assembly. Despite having a long history of characterization, colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) have not yet reached the commercial phase as anti-cancer drugs to date. We determined the structures of tubulin complexed with a set of structurally diverse CBSIs (lexibulin, nocodazole, plinabulin and tivantinib), among which nocodazole and tivantinib are both binary-function inhibitors targeting cancer-related kinases and microtubules simultaneously. High resolution structures revealed the detailed interactions between these ligands and tubulin. Our results showed that the binding modes of the CBSIs were different from previous docking models, highlighting the importance of crystal structure information in structure-based drug design. A real structure-based pharmacophore was proposed to rationalize key common interactions of the CBSIs at the colchicine domain. Our studies provide a solid structural basis for developing new anti-cancer agents for the colchicine binding site. Database The atomic coordinates and structure factors for tubulin complexed with lexibulin, nocodazole, plinabulin and tivantinib have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession codes 5CA0, 5CA1, 5C8Y and 5CB4, respectively.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/febs.13555

Structures of a diverse set of colchicine binding site inhibitors in complex with tubulin provide a rationale for drug discovery.

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Structures of a diverse set of colchicine binding site inhibitors in complex with tubulin provide a rationale for drug discovery.