Starch is a major component of wheat grain and, to a great extent, determines the grain weight. Starch accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is closely associated with sink strength. Four winter wheat cultivars, Lumai 21 and Jimai 20 (compact-spike cultivars) and Shannong 1391 and Shannong 12 (loose-spike cultivars) were grown to evaluate the amylose and amylopectin accumulation in both superior and inferior grains (higher and lower individual grain weight, respectively) and the relationship between starch accumulation and sink strength. In general, superior grains showed a higher starch accumulation rate, endosperm cell number and activity of enzymes including sucrose synthase (SS), uridine diphosphorate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPP), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and subsequently produced higher starch accumulation and grain weight than inferior grains. Greater differences in starch accumulation and grain weight were found between the two classes of grains for compact-spike cultivars than between those for loose-spike cultivars. These results suggest that the grain sink strength, determined by endosperm cell number and the activity of synthesis-related enzymes, is closely associated with starch accumulation in superior and inferior grains on a wheat spike.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0021859610000407

Sink strength in relation to growth of superior and inferior grains within a wheat spike.

HMW-GS Accumulation and GMP Size Distribution in Grains of Shannong 12 Grown in Different Soil Conditions

Hormones play important roles in regulating the grain filling process and protein accumulation. In this study, two wheat cultivars differing in grain protein concentration were used to investigate the changes in endogenous hormone contents and the mechanism of hormonal regulation of grain filling and protein accumulation under exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) or gibberellic acid (GA3). Results showed that the mean grain weight of the ABA treatment was 11.8% and 5% higher than that of control in Shannong1391 (SN1391) and Gaocheng8901 (GC8901), respectively. The equivalent values for SN1391 and GC8901 were 16.9% and 6.9% after GA3 was applied. The protein concentration was significantly increased by 17.6% and 15.3% in response to application of ABA in SN1391 and GC8901, respectively, and by 21.2% and 12.0% responding to GA3. GA3 showed much higher effects than ABA on glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and free amino acid contents. The elevated contents of endogenous ABA and gibberellins (GAs) were closely associated with the exogenous ABA and GA3, respectively. The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents reduced at the early grain filling period under the application of ABA, but it increased responding to exogenous ABA and GA3 at the mid and later grain filling period. Correlation analysis demonstrated that grain filling rate positively and significantly correlated with the contents of GAs and IAA and ABA, free amino acid contents and GS activity significantly correlated both with the contents of ABA and GAs, and soluble protein contents significantly correlated with the contents of ABA and IAA. It can be concluded that the effects of exogenous hormones were predominantly mediated by changes in endogenous hormone contents, which affected grain filling process, nitrogen metabolism characteristics, and, therefore, changed protein accumulation amounts.

/pdf/effects-of-exogenous-abscisic-acid-and-gibberellic-acid-on-241jk2zgxx.pdf

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on filling process and nitrogen metabolism characteristics in wheat grains

Response of Element Distribution of Various Organs of Maize to Fertilizer Application

The difference in accumulation of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in superior (basal) and inferior (distal) grains results in the nonuniformity of grain quality in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Yangmai 158’). The HMW-GS accumulation and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content were studied in superior and inferior grains during the grain-filling period. Compared with inferior grains, HMW-GS was formed earlier and total accumulation amount was higher in superior grains. The total HMW-GS content was higher in superior grain than inferior grain, except at maturity. For individual HMW-GS types, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 were the highest, followed by subunit 12, and those of subunit 8 were the lowest, followed by subunit 2 in superior grain. In contrast, the accumulation and content of subunit 7 at maturity were significantly higher than subunit 8 but similar between subunit 2 and subunit 12 in inferior grain. Moreover, the accumulation of subunit 7 and 12 in superior grain ...

Accumulation of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits in Superior and Inferior Grains of a Winter Wheat, Yangmai 158

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate on nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis of the superior and inferior wheat kernel were studied. The results showed that the protein content and accumulation amount of the superior kernel were higher than that of the inferior kernel during filling, and that GS (glutamine synthetase) activities during 21 days after anthesis and free amino acids content during 28 days after anthesis in super kernel were significantly higher than that of inferior kernel, which accounted for the faster protein accumulation in the superior kernel. At maturity, with the same nitrogen feretilizer rate, the content of albumin, gliadin, glutenin and GMP (glutenin macropolyer) of superior kernel was higher than that of inferior kernel, while the globulin content in superior kernel was lower. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the protein content and accumulation amount in kernel, and decreased the difference in free amino acids content, soluble protein content and GS activity between superior kernel and inferior kernel, and the difference in protein content and accumulation amount. With nitrogen supply increased from 150 kg.ha~(-1) to 240 kg.ha~(-1), protein content of inferior kernel increased, but no significant difference occurred in protein content of superior kernel. With the nitrogen feertilizere rate increased, the content of protein components increased by different extents, and the content of glutenin and GMP of inferior kernel improved mostly, showing that nitrogen addition effects on the content of protein and its components occurred mainly on inferior kernel.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Nitrogen Metabolism and Protein Synthesis of Superior and Inferior Wheat Kernel

The effects of different nitrogen rates of fertilization on nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium uptakes and utilizations as well as kernel yield of wheat were studied under high-yield circumstance and the results indicated that proper nitrogen rates of fertilization could help wheat plants to take up and accumulate nitrogen and high nitrogen rates of fertilization were detrimental to the nitrogen accumulation after the erecton of wheat leaves so that the accumulative nitrogen amount of wheat plants did not significantly increased at the maturing stage.Compared with non-nitrogen fertilization,nitrogen fertilization significantly in creased phosphorous accumulation in wheat plants;the phosphorous accumulation did not significantly increased as the nitrogen rates of fertilization increawed.Increased nitrogen rates of fertilization helped wheat absorb and accumulate potassium in early wheat growth and reduced potassium loss of wheat plants in late wheat growth.As the nitrogen rates of fertilizations increased,the content of kernel nitrogen appeared to first increase and then decline,the proportion of allocated nitrogen to the kernels tended to decline,the nitrogen use efficiencies of the plants did not significantly changed and the nitrogen harvest index decreased.The contents of kernel phosphorous and potassium did not significantly differed among different nitrogen rates of fertilization,and potassium contents and accumulative potassium amount of the vegetative parts and the proportion of allocated potassium to the leaves all appeared to increase;in the meantime,the phosphorous and potassium use efficiencies declined.Among different nitrogen rates of fertilization,the phosphorous and potassium harvest indexes did not significantly differ.As the nitrogen rates of fertilization increased,the kernel yield appeared to incease first and then decline with its peak occurring at 195 kg/hm~2 nitrogen of fertilization.

Effects of different nitrogen rates of fertilization on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptakes and utilizations as well as kernel yield of wheat under high--yield circumstances

Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring the moisture content at jointing and anthesis on fluorescence characteristics and water use efficiency in flag leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Methods Four irrigation treatments were imposed, i.e. the average relative soil water content in the soil layer of 0-20 cm (D1), 0-40 cm (D2), 0-60 cm (D3), and 0-40 cm (D4) were raised to 65% (at jointing) and 70% (at anthesis), re- spectively, by supplemental irrigation, with zero-irrigation as a control treatment (D0) in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. Important findings The soil water consumption in the D2 treatment was significantly higher than in other treatments in the 40-100 cm soil layer from jointing to anthesis and in the 40-140 cm soil layer from anthesis to maturity; the latter stage showed the highest soil water consumption during wheat growing. The flag leaves of wheat plants in the D2 treatment showed the highest water use efficiency, potential photosynthesis activity of PSII (Fv/Fo), electronic transpiration activity of PSII (Fm/Fo), relative electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemistry quenching index (qP) after anthesis, followed by the D3 treatment, with those in the D0 treatment having the low- est values. In both growing seasons, the grain yield was ranked in the order of D2 > D3 > D1 > D4 > D0 among the treatments; water use efficiency (WUE) in the D2 treatment was 20.19 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 and 21.92 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 , respectively, higher than in the D0, D3, and D4 treatments. No significant difference was observed in any of the variables between the D1 and D2 treatments. Hence, the D2 treatment, with application of irrigation based on the soil moisture measurement in the 0-40 cm soil layer at jointing and anthesis, is the most optimal treatment for achieving high grain yield and high WUE.

Effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring the moisture content at jointing and anthesis on fluorescence characteristics and water use efficiency in flag leaves of wheat

Protein and starch are the major (compositions) in wheat grains, and they determine yield and quality of wheat. This article reviewed the study progresses on the relationship between protein or starch and end-use quality, the physiological basis of protein and starch metabolism, and the (effects) of (carbon) and nitrogen metabolism on quality of wheat grains. It was shown that the (composition) of protein and the (composition) of starch played different roles in wheat end-use quality, which was the result of (compound) (effects) of protein and starch; the metabolisms of (carbon) and nitrogen and the balance between them (affected) the synthesis and accumulation of protein and starch in grains of wheat; both the ecological (conditions) and (cultivation) methods could have (effects) on the synthesis of starch and protein by changing the metabolism of (carbon) and nitrogen, so have (effects) on the formation of end-use quality.

Review on Relationship between Metabolism of Protein and Starch in Grains of Wheat and Formation of Quality

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Nitrogen Metabolism and Protein Synthesis of Superior and Inferior Wheat Kernel

Effects of different nitrogen rates of fertilization on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptakes and utilizations as well as kernel yield of wheat under high--yield circumstances

Effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring the moisture content at jointing and anthesis on fluorescence characteristics and water use efficiency in flag leaves of wheat

Review on Relationship between Metabolism of Protein and Starch in Grains of Wheat and Formation of Quality