Comparative study of candidate sex determination regions in snakeheads (Channa argus and C. maculata) and development of novel sex markers

Transcriptome comparison was performed to identify genes expressed in skin, muscle and tails of mono-color (Red, Blue, Black, White and Yellow), bi-color (Cambodian) and multi-color (Marble) varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. In total, 163,140 unigenes covering 26.348 Gb were found. Of these, 93,899 (57.55 %) unigenes significantly matched at least one database. In total, 5039 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found where 2415 genes (47.93 %) showed higher expression and 2624 genes (52.07 %) showed lower expression for all pairwise comparisons. DEGs between paired color varieties were 133–443. Of these, 38–220 genes were more highly expressed while 37–280 genes were more lowly expressed relative to the compared varieties. A total of 897 sequences (148 genes) significantly matched pigmentation-related genes of Danio rerio (E-value < 1e-06). Of these, 19 DEGs were identified. Examples are tyrosinase-related protein 1a (BsTyrp1a), epidermal growth factor receptor (BsEgfr) and neurofibronin 1a (BsNf1a). Moreover, 711,123 SNPs were identified and 1365 of these were located in pigmentation-related genes. Interestingly, an A > C474 SNP in the gene BsTrpm7 and an indel (position 3571) in the BsItgb1a gene were found only in Cambodian. A C > T2520 SNP in BsFzd4 and 10 of 11 SNPs in BsTyrp1a were found only in Black. Different expression levels (P < 0.05) were found for tyrosinase (BsTyr), BsTyrp1a, BsNf1a and BsEgf1 among skin, body muscle and tails of the same variety and among the same tissues of different varieties (Red, Green, Blue, Black, Cambodian and Multi-colors, N = 5 each). 

Transcriptome comparison for identification of pigmentation-related genes in different color varieties of Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens.

Paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis) is an air-breathing freshwater fish species with a signature labyrinth organ capable of extracting oxygen from the air that helps these fish to survive in hypoxic environments. The appearance of this evolutionary innovation in anabantoids resulted in a rewired circulatory system, but also in the emergence of species-specific behaviors, such as territorial display, courtship and parental care in the case of the paradise fish. Early zoologists were intrigued by the structure and function of the labyrinth apparatus and a series of detailed descriptive histological studies at the beginning of the 20th century revealed the ontogenesis and function of this specialized system. A few decades later, these fish became the subject of numerous ethological studies, and detailed ethograms of their behavior were constructed. These latter studies also demonstrated a strong genetic component underlying their behavior, but due to lack of adequate molecular tools, the fine genetic dissection of the behavior was not possible at the time. The technological breakthroughs that transformed developmental biology and behavioral genetics in the past decades, however, give us now a unique opportunity to revisit these old questions. Building on the classic descriptive studies, the new methodologies will allow us to follow the development of the labyrinth apparatus at a cellular resolution, reveal the genes involved in this process and also the genetic architecture behind the complex behaviors that we can observe in this species.

The paradise fish, an advanced animal model for behavioral genetics and evolutionary developmental biology.

Pigmentation enhancement techniques during ornamental fish production

Transcriptome analyses of betta fish (Betta splendens) provide novel insights into fin regeneration and color-related genes.

The Betta fish displays a remarkable variety of phenotypes selected during domestication. However, the genetic basis underlying these traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly and re-sequencing of 727 individuals representing diverse morphologies of the betta fish. We show that current breeds have a complex domestication history with extensive introgression with wild species. Using GWAS, we identify the genetic basis of multiple traits, including several coloration phenotypes, sex-determination which we map to DMRT1, and the long-fin phenotype which maps to KCNJ15. We identify a polygenic signal related to aggression with many similarities to human psychiatric traits, involving genes such as CACNB2 and DISC1. Our study provides a resource for developing the Betta fish as a genetic model for morphology and behavior in vertebrates.

/pdf/the-genetic-architecture-of-phenotypic-diversity-in-the-2tms2vgmb4.pdf

The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens)

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The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens)