Organic and inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)), with advantages of facile processing, tunable bandgaps, and superior charge-transfer properties, have emerged as a new class of revolutionary optoelectronic semiconductors promising for various applications. Perovskite solar cells constructed with a variety of configurations have demonstrated unprecedented progress in efficiency, reaching about 20% from multiple groups after only several years of active research. A key to this success is the development of various solution-synthesis and film-deposition techniques for controlling the morphology and composition of hybrid perovskites. The rapid progress in material synthesis and device fabrication has also promoted the development of other optoelectronic applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and transistors. Both experimental and theoretical investigations on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have enabled some critical fundamental understandings of this material system. Recent studies have also demonstrated progress in addressing the potential stability issue, which has been identified as a main challenge for future research on halide perovskites. Here, we review recent progress on hybrid perovskites including basic chemical and crystal structures, chemical synthesis of bulk/nanocrystals and thin films with their chemical and physical properties, device configurations, operation principles for various optoelectronic applications (with a focus on solar cells), and photophysics of charge-carrier dynamics. We also discuss the importance of further understanding of the fundamental properties of hybrid perovskites, especially those related to chemical and structural stabilities.

Organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications

There are only few semiconducting materials that have been shaping the progress of third generation photovoltaic cells as much as perovskites. Although they are deceivingly simple in structure, the archetypal AMX3-type perovskites have built-in potential for complex and surprising discoveries. Since 2009, a small and somewhat exotic class of perovskites, which are quite different from the common rock-solid oxide perovskite, have turned over a new leaf in solar cell research. Highlighted as one of the major scientific breakthroughs of the year 2013, the power conversion efficiency of the title compound hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite has now exceeded 18%, making it competitive with thin-film PV technology. In this minireview, a brief history of perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications is reported, the current state-of-the-art is distilled and the basic working mechanisms have been discussed. By analyzing the attainable photocurrent and photovoltage, realizing perovskite solar cells with 20% efficiency for a single junction, and 30% for a tandem configuration on a c-Si solar cell would be realistic.

Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications

Thin-film photovoltaics based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite light absorbers have recently emerged as a promising low-cost solar energy harvesting technology. Over the past several years, we have witnessed a great and unexpected progress in organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 3.8% to 20.1% and exceeded the highest efficiency of conventional dye-sensitized solar cells. Here, the focus is specifically on the recent developments of the electron transport layer (ETL) in PSCs, which is an important part for high performing PSCs. This review briefly discusses the development of the structure of PSCs, and we attempt to give a systematic introduction about the optimization of ETL and its related interfaces for efficient PSCs. Moreover, the introduction of appropriate interfacial materials is another important issue to improve PSC performance by optimizing the interfacial electronic properties between the perovskite layer and the charge-collecting electrode. Besides, some related issues such as device stability and hysteresis behavior are also discussed here.

Recent progress in electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells

Moisture, in the form of ambient humidity, has a significant impact on methylammonium lead halide perovskite films. In particular, due to the hygroscopic nature of the methylammonium component, moisture plays a significant role during film formation. This issue has so far not been well understood and neither has the impact of moisture on the physical properties of resultant films. Herein, we carry out a comprehensive and well-controlled study of the effect of moisture exposure on methylammonium lead halide perovskite film formation and properties. We find that films formed in higher humidity atmospheres have a less continuous morphology but significantly improved photoluminescence, and that film formation is faster. In photovoltaic devices, we find that exposure to moisture, either in the precursor solution or in the atmosphere during formation, results in significantly improved open-circuit voltages and hence overall device performance. We then find that by post-treating dry films with moisture exposure,...

The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication

Recently, lead-free double perovskites have emerged as a promising environmentally friendly photovoltaic material for their intrinsic thermodynamic stability, appropriate bandgaps, small carrier effective masses, and low exciton binding energies. However, currently no solar cell based on these double perovskites has been reported, due to the challenge in film processing. Herein, a first lead-free double perovskite planar heterojunction solar cell with a high quality Cs2AgBiBr6 film, fabricated by low-pressure assisted solution processing under ambient conditions, is reported. The device presents a best power conversion efficiency of 1.44%. The preliminary efficiency and the high stability under ambient condition without encapsulation, together with the high film quality with simple processing, demonstrate promise for lead-free perovskite solar cells.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/advs.201700759

The Dawn of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: Highly Stable Double Perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 Film

This article demonstrates a significant broadband enhancement of light absorption and improvement of photon-generated-charge transfer in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells by incorporating plasmonic Au–Ag alloy popcorn-shaped nanoparticles (NPs). Compared to conventional nanoparticles and nanorods, these popcorn-shaped NPs have many fine structures. The device's maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from 8.9% to 10.3%, namely 15.7% enhancement, with the aid of plasmonic popcorn-shaped NPs.

Plasmonic-enhanced perovskite solar cells using alloy popcorn nanoparticles

For the first time in 2009, the inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite materials were applied in liquid dye-sensitized solar cells. In 2013, the power conversion efficiency successfully reached 15%, followed by great amount of research papers bursting out. Till August 2014, the highest efficiency is certified to 17.9%, and the reported efficiency is even up to 19.3%. They quickly go beyond dye-sensitized solar cells and organic solar cells. It is expected the perovskite has its efficiency same to the single-crystal silicon cells. The "game changer" of solar cells is coming. The perovskite solar cells are cheap and easily to be made, which will benefit both science and industry. This review summarized recent development of both perovskite materials and solar cell devices, not only including new material developments of perovskite compositions, structures, and fabrication methods, but also focusing on device structures, charge transfer mechanism and stability properties of perovskite solar cells. Their perspective is also estimated.

Recent Research Developments of Perovskite Solar Cells

Self-charging electrochromic energy storage device has the characteristics of energy storage, energy visualization and energy self-recovery which has attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, due to the slow self-charging...

Fast self-charging and temperature adaptive electrochromic energy storage device

Extraction of bridge mode shapes from the response of a two-axle passing vehicle using a two-peak spectrum idealized filter approach

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Plasmonic-enhanced perovskite solar cells using alloy popcorn nanoparticles

Recent Research Developments of Perovskite Solar Cells

Fast self-charging and temperature adaptive electrochromic energy storage device

Extraction of bridge mode shapes from the response of a two-axle passing vehicle using a two-peak spectrum idealized filter approach

Recent Research Developments of Perovskite Solar Cells