This unique text covers all aspects of valvular heart disease, including normal valve anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, modes of investigation, assessment and treatment of specific valve lesions, valve surgery (both medical and surgical aspects), treatment in pregnancy or during non-cardiac surgery, and the devastating complication of infective endocarditis, in an easy-to-read, accessible format.

Valvular heart disease

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterials, such as boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanofibers, and boron nitride nanosheets, are among the most promising inorganic nanomaterials in recent years. Their unique properties, including high mechanical stiffness, wide band gap, excellent thermal conductivity, and thermal stability, suggest many potential applications in various engineering fields. In particular, h-BN nanomaterials have been widely used as functional fillers to fabricate high-performance polymer nanocomposites. Like other nanomaterials, prior to their utilization in nanocomposites, surface modification of h-BNs is often necessary in order to prevent their strong tendency to aggregate, and to improve their dispersion and interfacial properties in polymer nanocomposites. However, the high chemical inertness and resistance to oxidation of h-BNs make it rather difficult to functionalize h-BNs. The methods frequently used to oxidize graphitic carbon nanomaterials are not quite successful on h-BNs. Therefore, many novel approaches have been studied to modify h-BN nanostructures. In this review, different surface modification strategies were discussed including various covalent and non-covalent surface modification strategies through wet or dry chemical routes. Meanwhile, the effects of these surface modification methods on the resulting material structures and properties were also reviewed. At last, a number of theoretical studies on the reactivity of h-BNs with different chemical agents have been conducted to explore new surface modification routes, which were also addressed in this review.

Surface modification of hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: a review

Understanding interactions of biomolecules with nanomaterials at the molecular level is crucial to design new materials for practical use. In the present study, adsorption of three distinct types of amino acids, namely, valine, arginine and aspartic acid, over the surface of structurally analogous but chemically different graphene and BN nanosheets has been explored within the formalism of DFT. The explicit dispersion correction incorporated in the computational methodology improves the accuracy of the results by accounting for long range van der Waals interactions and is essential for agreement with experimental values. The real biological environment has been mimicked by re-optimizing all the model structures in an aqueous medium. The study provides ample evidence in terms of adsorption energy, solvation energy, separation distance and charge analysis to conclude that both the nano-surfaces adsorb the amino acids with release of energy and there are no bonded interactions between the two. The polarity of the BN nanosheet provides it an edge over the graphene surface to have more affinity towards amino acids.

Theoretical study of adsorption of amino acids on graphene and BN sheet in gas and aqueous phase with empirical DFT dispersion correction

Nanotubes present one of the most promising opportunities in nanotechnology with a plethora of applications in nanoelectronics, mechanical engineering, as well as in biomedical technology. Due to their structure and some physical properties, boron nitride (BN) nanotubes (BNNTs) possess several advantages over carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and they are now commercially produced and used on a large scale. The human and environmental exposure to BN nanomaterials is expected to increase in the near future, and their biological responses need to be examined. Using complementary assays, we have extensively investigated the effects of BNNTs on the viability and metabolic status of different cell types: on the one hand, the effects on cells present in the lung alveoli, and on the other hand, on human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Our results indicate that BNNTs are cytotoxic for all cell types studied and, in most cases, are more cytotoxic than CNTs in their pristine (p-CNT) and functionalized (f-CNT) form. However, the level of toxicity and the prominent morphological alterations in the cell populations withstanding BNNT exposure are cell-type-dependent. For instance, BNNTs induced extensive multinucleated giant cell formation in macrophages and increased levels of eosinophilia in fibroblasts. Finally, our results point the toxicity of tubular nanomaterials to be strongly correlated with the cellular accumulation enhanced for straight nanotubes.

In vitro investigation of the cellular toxicity of boron nitride nanotubes

Herein, a novel analytical method was reported for sensitive and selective quantification of malachite green (MG) in tap water and carp samples based on a combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and molecular imprinting technology. For this purpose, surface molecularly-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles (MIP@Fe3O4 NPs) were synthesized through recently developed living/controlled radical polymerization mechanism referred to as reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerization (RTCP). Surface characterization of MIP@Fe3O4 NPs was carried out in detail by using the combination of several analytical techniques and the results showed the presence of a thin polymer layer on the nanoparticles. Rebinding properties, selectivity and reusability of the nanoparticles were investigated and the obtained results indicated the prepared nanoparticles had excellent selectivity, high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption kinetics and multiple-uses with an imprinting factor of 3.86. Then, silver dendrites (Ag NPs) were deposited on silicon wafers and used as SERS sensing platform. Moreover, surface properties of the SERS substrate were also investigated in detail in terms of stability, reusability and homogeneity. After that, the eluted MG from the imprinted nanoparticles was dropped on the sensing platform and SERS analysis was carried out. Under optimized conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined to be 1.50 pM and 4.96 pM for tap water, respectively and 1.62 pM and 5.38 pM for carp samples, respectively within acceptable recovery rates and standard deviations. The overall results indicated that the proposed method can be effectively used for the quantification of trace amounts of MG in tap water and carp samples. Moreover, the proposed method is promising for development of new ways to prepare MIPs via surface-initiated RTCP.

Surface molecularly-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles coupled with SERS sensing platform for selective detection of malachite green

Interaction of carbohydrate modified boron nitride nanotubes with living cells.

Boron nitride nanotubes enhance properties of chitosan-based scaffolds

Biofilm formation of clinically important microorganisms on 2D and 3D poly (methyl methacrylate) substrates: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering study.

Nanomaterial-based scaffolds for bone regeneration with piezoelectric properties.

Boron nitride nanotubes for gene silencing General subjects

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