Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based nanodynamic therapies are attractive treatment cancer strategies with excellent characteristics such as high selectivity, low toxicity and low multidrug resistance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and MOFs-based nanoplatforms exhibit promising properties such as self-reactive properties, morphology diversity, high loading capacities, easy functionalization and biocompatibility, providing more possibilities for the design of nanodynamic therapies. In this review, we focus on these excellent properties of MOFs and the construction of MOFs-based nanodynamic therapies for cancer treatment, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). In addition, the optimization strategies of MOFs-based nanodynamic therapies are summarized in various aspects, meanwhile the research and applications of synergistic cancer therapies are systematically reviewed. Finally, we analyze the prospects and challenges of clinical applications of MOFs-based nanodynamic therapies, providing a valid reference and a solid foundation for further research. 

Current advances in metal–organic frameworks for cancer nanodynamic therapies

Constructing iron-group doped metal–organic framework films on hematite photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting

Various wounds caused by burns, trauma, surgery, and genetic irregularities, including acute and chronic wounds, pose a huge burden on global healthcare. Many therapeutic strategies, such as nanomedicine and regenerative medicine, have been applied to wound repair and skin regeneration. As a promising and exciting nanomaterial, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) encompass many desirable properties, including crystalline porous structure, tunable size, good mechanical stability, large specific surface area, and exceptional chemical stability. Most importantly, the performance of MOFs can be modulated by changing synthesis steps and conditions. MOFs can release metal ions to modulate cellular behaviors and kill various microorganisms, which meets this dual agent release therapeutic strategy for wound healing and skin regeneration. Additionally, MOFs can act as carriers for delivering bioactive agents in a desired manner. Recently, an increasing number of researchers have conducted many studies on applying various MOFs in wound healing and skin regeneration. Based on this, we perform this study to report the current status and further perspective of MOFs-based therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, the molecular process of wound healing and the fabrication of MOFs were also discussed. 

Multifunctional metal-organic frameworks for wound healing and skin regeneration

With the booming development of nanotechnology, nanomedicines have made considerable progress in the pharmaceutical field. However, the number of nanodrugs approved for clinical treatment is very limited. The main obstacles stem from the complexity of nanomedicine composition, tumor heterogeneity, complexity and incomplete understanding of nanotumor interactions, uncontrollable scaling, high production costs, and uncertainty of regulations and standards. This review article described the current stage of nanomedicines and highlighted the challenges, strategies, and opportunities for clinical translation of nanomedicines. 

Progress and challenges in the translation of cancer nanomedicines.

The skin serves as the primary barrier between the human body and the external environment and is therefore susceptible to damage from various factors. Due to their high porosity, flexible and tunable structure, large surface area, abundant binding sites, and excellent chemical and thermal stability, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a new option for the treatment of skin wound healing. In the past decade, MOF–based therapeutics have made great achievements and therefore have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in metal–organic frameworks in wound healing and discusses their current research status and potential applications. We first summarize the mechanisms and latest applications of MOFs for wound healing. Specifically, the application of MOFs as antimicrobial agents by releasing antibacterial drugs to inhibit infections is discussed. Additionally, the potential of MOFs in promoting wound healing has been explored; for example, MOFs can serve as carriers for delivering therapeutic drugs and for promoting angiogenesis and synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in wound treatment. Then, we discuss the biosafety of MOFs and further explore the applications of MOFs. Finally, based on our understanding of the field, challenges and prospects are proposed, hoping to provide a basic understanding of the future development of MOFs. 

Recent development of metal–organic frameworks in wound healing: Current status and applications

Controllable growth of drug-encapsulated metal-organic framework (MOF) on porphyrinic MOF for PDT/chemo-combined therapy

The conjugation of DNA molecules with metal or metal-containing nanoparticles (M/MC NPs) has resulted in a number of new hybrid materials, eliciting a diverse range of novel biological applications in...

DNA-Functionalized Metal or Metal-Containing Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

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Organic nanomedicine containing nonlinear optical chromophores for ultrastable photo-to-heat converting theranostics in the near-infrared window

A Spatiotemporally Controlled Gene‐Regulation Strategy for Combined Tumor Therapy Based on Upconversion Hybrid Nanosystem

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Papers

Controllable growth of drug-encapsulated metal-organic framework (MOF) on porphyrinic MOF for PDT/chemo-combined therapy

DNA-Functionalized Metal or Metal-Containing Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

Organic nanomedicine containing nonlinear optical chromophores for ultrastable photo-to-heat converting theranostics in the near-infrared window

A Spatiotemporally Controlled Gene‐Regulation Strategy for Combined Tumor Therapy Based on Upconversion Hybrid Nanosystem