http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0959652622019163/pdf/S0959652622019163.pdf

Decomposition of carbon emission reduction efficiency and potential for clean energy power: Evidence from 58 countries

Abstract Offshore wind power, with accelerated declining levelized costs, is emerging as a critical building-block to fully decarbonize the world’s largest CO 2 emitter, China. However, system integration barriers as well as system balancing costs have not been quantified yet. Here we develop a bottom-up model to test the grid accommodation capabilities and design the optimal investment plans for offshore wind power considering resource distributions, hourly power system simulations, and transmission/storage/hydrogen investments. Results indicate that grid integration barriers exist currently at the provincial level. For 2030, optimized offshore wind investment levels should be doubled compared with current government plans, and provincial allocations should be significantly improved considering both resource quality and grid conditions. For 2050, offshore wind capacity in China could reach as high as 1500 GW, prompting a paradigm shift in national transmission structure, favoring long-term storage in the energy portfolio, enabling green hydrogen production in coastal demand centers, resulting in the world’s largest wind power market. 

Grid integration feasibility and investment planning of offshore wind power under carbon-neutral transition in China

Cyber security aims to protect against the unlawful use of systems, networks, and technologies by lowering the likelihood of cyberattacks and thwarting their execution. The comparatively low degree of security, which plays an essential part in the activities of any nation, has been a primary contributor to the low overall operational efficiency. In addition, implementing machine learning and artificial intelligence would make the network vulnerable to several severe vulnerabilities in terms of cybersecurity, which could lead to disastrous results. Therefore, research into the efficacy of cyber security is essential to ensure the future safety of the whole world. An EBM evaluation approach was utilized in this research project so that the production efficiency of firms on a micro level could be assessed. After that, it analyzed the effectiveness of cybersecurity organizations' input and output variables by using financial data for 2020 from sources in the US market. It was found that DMU 1, DMU 7, DMU 9, and DMU 10 had the highest performance levels. After doing an efficiency analysis of the ten most prominent organizations now functioning in the cybersecurity sector, we realized that three of those companies required significant modifications. However, four of the other businesses were typically more efficient.

/pdf/efficiency-evaluation-of-cyber-security-based-on-ebm-dea-25rw8fkq.pdf

Efficiency Evaluation of Cyber Security Based on EBM-DEA Model

The effect of a broad financial index (FD), hydro-energy output, and expansion of the economy on the intensity of carbon were investigated by incorporating the effect of financial expansion through the channel of hydro-energy. The cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), Mean Group (MG), Augmented Mean Group (AMG), and vector error correction mechanism causality approaches were employed to study panel data for the period from 1980 to 2017 for the top four hydro-energy producing states. The outcomes revealed that FD raises the intensity of carbon in both the short and long term. In contrast, hydro-energy output (HYP) is stated to be a significant factor for attaining a low carbon intensity in the short and long term. The outcomes also indicated that the expansion of the economy augments the intensity of carbon. However, FD lowers the intensity of carbon via the channel of hydro-energy. The causality test outcomes revealed a short-run causality moving from the intensity of carbon to hydro-energy as well as a short-term causality moving from GDP to the intensity of carbon. It was also observed that there is a long-term causality running from all the variables to the intensity of carbon. Important policy implications are suggested at the end of the research.

The decline in carbon intensity: the role of financial expansion and hydro-energy.

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper examines whether rural broadband adoption affects agricultural carbon reduction efficiency (ACRE), using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2019. This paper achieves a measurement of ACRE by taking the carbon sink of agricultural as one of the desired outputs and using a Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model and the global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index. The results show that: (1) Rural broadband adoption has a positive effect on ACRE. The relationship between the income of rural residents and ACRE was an inverted U-shaped, which confirms the EKC hypothesis. (2) Land transfer has a significant promoting effect on the relationship between rural broadband adoption and ACRE. When the land transfer rate is high, the positive effect of broadband adoption is obvious. (3) The positive effect of broadband adoption on ACRE was more obvious when farmers invested more in production equipment, that is to say, it has a significant positive moderating effect. As farmers in many developing countries suffer from increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events, we believe that the results of this study also have implications for the implementation of agricultural carbon reduction and smart agricultural equipment roll-out in many countries.

/pdf/does-the-application-of-icts-improve-the-efficiency-of-15jnemuo.pdf

Does the Application of ICTs Improve the Efficiency of Agricultural Carbon Reduction? Evidence from Broadband Adoption in Rural China

This study employs 29 provincial-level administrative regions in China from 2013 to 2017 to evaluate the overall efficiency score of hydropower electricity generation in the three main regions of China. The EBM (Epsilon-based Measure) model with the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method uses installed capacity data, labor force data, and equipment utilization hours as input indicators and electricity generation and CO2 emission reduction as output indicators. By comparing the efficiency values of the two indices of installed capacity and CO2 emission reduction, we are able to analyze the differences between installed hydropower electricity generation capacity efficiency and carbon emission reduction efficiency in various provinces and cities. The findings show that the western region is the best, followed by the central region and then the eastern region in terms of the input-output index level, total efficiency score of hydropower, and comparison of installed capacity-carbon emission reduction efficiency. Natural water resources and geographical advantages have a great positive effect on hydropower efficiency, while economic development has little effect on it. China should promote the sustainable development of hydropower according to local conditions and formulate and adopt countermeasures in line with the different circumstances between regions.

/pdf/installed-hydropower-capacity-and-carbon-emission-reduction-3oj9c4ddlt.pdf

Installed Hydropower Capacity and Carbon Emission Reduction Efficiency Based on the EBM Method in China

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Installed Hydropower Capacity and Carbon Emission Reduction Efficiency Based on the EBM Method in China