Environmental diplomacy in South Asia: Considering the environmental security, conflict and development nexus

This study aims to examine peoples’ perception of climate change It assessed their attitude, behavioural motivation for mitigating and adapting to climate change in the two capital cities of South Asia: Islamabad in Pakistan and Dhaka in Bangladesh,This study used the quantitative research technique based on responses of 800 close-ended questions embedded in a close-ended questionnaire, which were filled-out from randomly selected sample of respondents The primary data was analysed and presented through tabulation For binary dependent variables, the standardised logistic coefficients were projected for more reliable estimates,The findings reveal that the population of both capital cities have a low personal perception of climate change Also, the dwellers of both cities have a low level of motivation to take mitigative and adaptive measures against climatic hazards The results of the logistic regression model further indicate that the people who believe that climate change is a threat to their lives are more likely to adopt mitigative and adaptive strategies This mostly applies to the people with a relatively higher income and education level,This study implies to create awareness and sensitise the local community in both the capitals and beyond through information dissemination Further, the availability of toolkits to handle emergencies remains imperative in registering attitudinal and behavioural changes to reduce the impacts of climate variability in poor localities,This research study analysed the link between climate change mitigation and energy conservation from the societal attributes of perception, motivation, attitude and behaviour, which remains essential for community-based mitigation against climatic hazards

/pdf/mitigating-and-adapting-to-climate-change-attitudinal-and-1wz4ezywwm.pdf

Mitigating and adapting to climate change: attitudinal and behavioural challenges in South Asia

The Politics of Water in South Asia

India’s continued development depends on the availability of adequate water. This paper applies a data-driven approach to estimate the intra-annual dynamics of water stress across the central Indian Highlands over the period 2002–2012. We investigate the spatial distribution of water demanding sectors including industry, domestic, irrigation, livestock and thermal power generation. We also examine the vulnerability of urban centers within the study area to water stress. We find that 74 % of the area of the central Indian Highlands experienced water stress (defined as demand exceeding supply) for 4 or more months out of the year. The rabi (winter) season irrigation drives the intra-annual water stress across the landscape. The Godavari basin experiences the most surface water stress while the Ganga and Narmada basins experience water stress due to groundwater deficits as a result of rabi irrigation. All urban centers experience water stress at some time during a year. Urban centers in the Godavari basin are considerably water stressed, for example, Achalpur, Nagpur and Chandrapur experience water stress 8 months out of the year. Irrigation dominates water use accounting for 95 % of the total water demand, with substantial increases in irrigated land over the last decade. Managing land use to promote hydrologic functions will become increasingly important as water stress increases.

Intra-annual dynamics of water stress in the central Indian Highlands from 2002 to 2012

A bs tr ac t This study provides an overview of Pak-India River warfare over the sharing of water and management failure which led to serious water crises and disaster especially in Pakistan. Water resources are diminishing day by day water is become a scarce commodity in the world with every passing day. It is rapidly emerging a source of tension and dispute between two nations (Pakistan and India), which is a destabilizing factor of international peace and regional harmony. The content analysis used as research methodology while data collected from editorials and articles published in “The News” and “The Telegraph”. This research covers the period between 2018 and 2019. The results showed that “The News” gives more coverage and large space related to the Pak-India River Warfare as compared to “The Telegraph”. Furthermore, “The News” has a clear stance for the solution of Pak-India River Warfare rather than Indian newspaper “The Telegraph”.

The Reflection of River Warfare in Pakistani and Indian Press: Dispute, Management and Strategies

IntroductionThe water crisis of South Asia is owing to its water scarcity. The region is abode to one-quarter population of world. But the available fresh water resources are not ample to meet the need of such huge population. The fresh water available for human use is only 0.75% of total water on Earth. The fresh water's major source is rivers. The rivers are shared by many states and about 260 major river basins are shared by two or more states (Committee on Foreign Relations, 2011, p. 9).The South Asian region is under immense pressure owing to scarce water supply. Rapid increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and lack of water resources management has posed the region with a daunting situation of water scarcity. According to an estimate, by 2030, 60% of world population will be left with fresh water supply (John, 2011, p. 1). The region of South Asia has been declared as water scarce. The population has increased rapidly and now it is inhabited by about one-third of world population. The region is being drained by four major rivers and has four basins i-e, Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganges and Meghna (Khalid, 2012, p. 80). These major rivers have various tributaries which drain whole South Asian region.The issue of water is primarily caused by decreasing fresh water availability and trans-boundary water flows. Indian population will increase to 1.6 billion by 2050 putting immense pressure on water resources. By 2005, per capita water availability has reduced to 1731 cubic meters. In Bangladesh, the per capita water availability was 8444 cubic meters which is expected to reduce to 7670 cubic meters by 2025. Thus, the root of problem lies in being lower riparian state. The 90% water flow to Bangladesh is out of its boundaries (John, 2011, p. 3).The propensity of conflict of water in South Asia is due to shared waters, trans-boundary flows of waters and the control of flows of waters of one state by another state. All states of South Asia are facing water issue. India is the biggest state of the region having water controversies with all its neighbors. It has concluded water treaties with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. But still the inconvenience due to Indian hegemonic designs in the region is evident by increasing concerns of al south Asian states on water availability and sharing. This region is witnessing rapid increase in population, industrialization and urbanization. These all factors have challenged the security of South Asia and issue of water has assumed a prominent position in politics.This study aims at scrutinizing the water issue in South Asia. The various reasons are explored in to get an inside in to the problem which may trigger serious conflict. This research revolves around certain aspects of the issue which have deep rooted relation with the issue and having propensity to escalate the crisis in to conflict .The questions around which this issue revolves are :Why is water issue a significant matter in politics? How does water scarcity affect state relations in South Asia? How can water scarcity be controlled by water governance and integrated water management?Place in literature"Troubled waters-Climate Change, Hydro politics and Trans boundary resources" edited by David Michael and Amit Pandya is a research work on global water issue. It tries to examine the relationship of Climate Change and water issues globally. Among all the regions of the world South Asia faces most severe crisis being heavily populated and concentration of population around river basins. The issue's root cause is mal-administration of water resources, both fresh water and ground aquifers. South Asia being water scarce microcosm region depicts the volatility of the issue. But there are prospects of resolution of water issue as the issues on two great rivers of the region i-e, Indus and Brahmaputra were somehow resolved through treaties. Indus Water Treaty 1960, between India and Pakistan and Brahmaputra Agreement, 1977 between Bangladesh and India are two glaring examples. …

http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/Iram%20et%20al_V21_Issue1_2014.pdf

Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Potential Conflict of Future Decades

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Water Scarcity in South Asia: A Potential Conflict of Future Decades