Since wind generation is one of the most mature renewable energy technologies, it will have the greatest share of future renewable energy portfolio. Due to the special characteristics of the wind generation, it requires extensive research to explore the best choice for wind power integration. In light of the practical project experience, this paper explores the feasibility of using HVdc transmission technology, particularly multiterminal HVdc (MTDC), as one of the preferable solutions to solve the grid interconnection issue of wind generation. This paper mainly focuses on the application of the hybrid MTDC to integrate wind farms into the electric power grid. A five-terminal hybrid MTDC model system including a large capacity wind farm is set up in PSCAD/EMTDC, in which the corresponding control strategy is designed. The operation characteristic of the hybrid system is studied, and the proposed control strategy is verified through simulation under various conditions, including wind speed variation and faults on ac side and dc side.

Integrating wind farm to the grid using hybrid multi-terminal HVDC technology

High-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission based on the line-commutated converter (LCC) is the most established and widespread technology around the world. However, HVDC based on the voltage source converter (VSC) has emerged as the best option to integrate renewable energy sources, e.g., offshore wind farms. This work investigates the feasibility of using a conventional LCC-HVDC transmission in combination with a VSC to integrate offshore wind farms. Such integration results in a hybrid HVDC connection, i.e., the connection of a VSC with an LCC through a dc cable. The operational features of a model of three-terminal hybrid HVDC, two LCC stations and one VSC station, is investigated using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulations include an aggregate model to emulate the wind farm. The corresponding control strategies are proposed for each terminal and verified under various conditions including wind speed variations and ac faults.

Offshore Wind Farm Grid Integration by VSC Technology With LCC-Based HVDC Transmission

This paper introduces a new multilevel converter topology for a hybrid HVDC system comprising line-commutated converter (LCC) and voltage source converter (VSC). Among the existing modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies for the hybrid HVDC, a mixed MMC structure with half-bridge submodules (HBSMs) and full-bridge submodules (FBSMs) has characteristics of reduced system cost, low operation loss, but still keeping capability to cope with dc short-circuit fault. However, it is very difficult for the conventional hybrid MMC structure to balance the submodule capacitor voltages under dc-bus voltage sliding since each MMC arm is a mixture of HBSMs and FBSMs. To solve the defect of the conventional hybrid MMC structure, an asymmetric mixed MMC, in which one arm is made of series-connected HBSMs and other arm is made of FBSMs, is devised. The proposed asymmetric MMC can regulate the dc-bus voltage freely without uncontrollable submodule capacitor voltages. The problems of the conventional MMC structure and the validity of asymmetric MMC are verified by both computer simulation and experimental results.

A New Topology of Multilevel VSC Converter for a Hybrid HVDC Transmission System

While early FACTS devices consisted mainly of thyristor-controlled/switched RLC/transformer components, the newer generation is based on the self-commutated voltage-source power converter. The variety of devices and applications, and the changing nature of the technology, call for versatile modelling capabilities at different levels of detail. This paper describes a model conceived as a coordinated and interconnected set of controllable shunt and series elements. For each device, functional characteristics, typical settings and controls, and simulation examples are presented. The model is capable of representing virtually any FACTS device for powerflow and all types of stability simulations.

A versatile FACTS device model for powerflow and stability simulations

This paper investigates the application of a GTO voltage source inverter in a two-terminal HVDC link, which is fed at the sending end by a line-commutated rectifier. This type of HVDC link may be applied when power transfer is predominantly unidirectional, especially to a weak AC system. The investigations are based on analytical studies and digital time-domain simulations with the Electromagnetic Transient program for DC systems (EMTDC). Control method and protection requirements are studied, together with dynamic behavior of the system following disturbances, e.g. DC fault, AC fault, start-up etc. The studies are aimed at exhibiting the technical feasibility of the proposed HVDC scheme. Need for further studies is pointed out when necessary. >

Application of GTO voltage source inverter in a hybrid HVDC link

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Application of GTO voltage source inverter in a hybrid HVDC link