Searches for magnetic monopoles (s) are a fascinating interdisciplinary area with implications for fundamental theories, particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. The quantum theory of s, and its consistency with electrodynamics, was originally derived by Dirac, marking the beginning of the search for classical monopoles at every new accelerator, including the Large Hadron Collider. s are required by Grand Unification Theories (GUTs), but unlike classical monopoles they would be incredibly massive, out of reach for any conceivable accelerator. Significant effort has been made to search for s in the cosmic radiation as relic particles from the early Universe in the widest experimentally available range of mass and velocity. In this review, we discuss the status of the searches for classical s at accelerators for GUTs, superheavy s in the penetrating cosmic radiation, and intermediate-mass s at high altitudes, emphasizing the most recent results and future perspectives.

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-022137

Status of Searches for Magnetic Monopoles

The searches for magnetic monopoles (Ms) is a fascinating interdisciplinary field with implications in fundamental theories, in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. The quantum theory of Ms and its consistency with electrodynamics was derived by Dirac. This marked the start of the searches for classical monopoles at every new accelerator, up to the LHC. Magnetic monopoles are required by Grand Unification Theories, but unlike classical monopoles they would be incredibly massive, out of the reach of any conceivable accelerator. Large efforts have been made to search for them in the cosmic radiation as relic particles from the early Universe in the widest range of mass and velocity experimentally accessible. In this paper the status of the searches for classical Ms at accelerators, for GUT, superheavy Ms in the penetrating cosmic radiation and for Intermediate Mass Ms at high altitudes is discussed, with emphasis on the most recent results and future perspectives.

Using the NOvA neutrino detectors, a broad search has been performed for any signal coincident with 28 gravitational wave events detected by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration between September 2015 and July 2019. For all of these events, NOvA is sensitive to possible arrival of neutrinos and cosmic rays of GeV and higher energies. For five (seven) events in the NOvA Far (Near) Detector, timely public alerts from the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration allowed recording of MeV-scale events. No signal candidates were found.

Search for multimessenger signals in NOvA coincident with LIGO/Virgo detections

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, which consists of two finely-segmented liquid-scintillator detectors operating 14 mrad off-axis from the NuMI muon neutrino beam. With an 810 km baseline, the combined measurements of muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance allow the determination of neutrino oscillation unknowns, namely the mass hierarchy, the octant of the largest neutrino mixing angle, and the CP violating phase. In this dissertation I present the joint analysis of νμ → νμ and νμ → νe oscillation data with an exposure of 8.85× 1020 protons on target on the 14 kton detector. It includes the estimation of neutrino energy distributions in the far detector using near detector data constraints, details of the implementation of the simultaneous fit of νμ and νe samples, and the effect of systematic uncertainties on the measurement of oscillation parameters. I also discuss NOvA’s projected sensitivity to determine the mass hierarchy and discover CP violation in future analyses with increased exposure and the addition of antineutrino datasets. With 66 electron neutrino and 126 muon neutrino candidates, the best fit to the data corresponds to the normal mass hierarchy, ∆m32 =2.44×10−3eV 2/c4, sin θ23 = 0.56, and δCP = 1.21π, with the allowed regions ∆m32 ∈ [2.37, 2.52]×10−3eV 2/c4, sin θ23 ∈ [0.43, 0.51]∪ [0.52, 0.60] and δCP ∈ [0, 0.12π] ∪ [0.91π, 2π] at the 68.3% C.L. Our data disfavor maximal mixing by 0.8σ, δCP = π/2 in the inverted hierarchy at higher than 3σ, and the entire inverted mass hierarchy at the 95% confidence level. By increasing the size of the samples and adding anti-neutrino data, NOvA can potentially resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy at 4σ C.L. or higher for some combinations of oscillation parameters. Improvements to the sensitivity to the determination of the mass hierarchy and CP violation in the neutrino sector can be achieved through gains in the NuMI beam intensity, the inclusion of external data, and refinements in the analysis methodology.

/pdf/constraints-on-neutrino-oscillation-parameters-with-the-nova-371w1ehx53.pdf

Constraints on neutrino oscillation parameters with the NOvA experiment

We report a search for a magnetic monopole component of the cosmic-ray flux in a 95-day exposure of the NOvA experiment's Far Detector, a 14 kt segmented liquid scintillator detector designed primarily to observe GeV-scale electron neutrinos. No events consistent with monopoles were observed, setting an upper limit on the flux of 2×10-14 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 at 90% C.L. for monopole speed 6×10-4<β<5×10-3 and mass greater than 5×108 GeV. Because of NOvA's small overburden of 3 meters-water equivalent, this constraint covers a previously unexplored low-mass region.

Search for slow magnetic monopoles with the NOvA detector on the surface

The NOvA experiment uses a continuous, free-running, dead-timeless data acquisition system to collect data from the 14 kT far detector. The DAQ system readouts the more than 344,000 detector channels and assembles the information into an raw unfiltered high bandwidth data stream. The NOvA trigger systems operate in parallel to the readout and asynchronously to the primary DAQ readout/event building chain. The data driven triggering systems for NOvA are unique in that they examine long contiguous time windows of the high resolution readout data and enable the detector to be sensitive to a wide range of physics interactions from those with fast, nanosecond scale signals up to processes with long delayed coincidences between hits which occur at the tens of milliseconds time scale. The trigger system is able to achieve a true 100% live time for the detector, making it sensitive to both beam spill related and off-spill physics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/664/8/082041/pdf

Performance of the NOνA Data Acquisition and Trigger Systems for the full 14 kT Far Detector

The NOvA far detector, due to its surface proximity, large size, good timing resolution, large energy dynamic range, and continuous readout, is sensitive to the detection of magnetic monopoles over a large range of velocities and masses. In order to record candidate magnetic monopole events with high efficiency we have designed a software-based trigger to make decisions based on the data recorded by the detector. The decisions must be fast, have high efficiency, and a large rejection factor for the over 100,000 cosmic rays that course through the detector every second. In this paper we briefly describe the simulation of magnetic monopoles, including the detector response, and then discuss the algorithms applied to identify magnetic monopole candidates. We also present the results of trigger efficiency and purity tests using simulated samples of magnetic monopoles with overlaid cosmic backgrounds and electronic noise.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/513/1/012039/pdf

Software Trigger Algorithms to Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the NOνA Far Detector

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Performance of the NOνA Data Acquisition and Trigger Systems for the full 14 kT Far Detector

Software Trigger Algorithms to Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the NOνA Far Detector