This paper analyzes the coupling modes when multiple hairpin resonators are coupled. Three kinds of current distribution and direction states exist in the coupled hairpin resonators: the current along the clockwise direction, the current along the counterclockwise direction, and no current density distribution. Different combinations of these current states lead to different coupling modes. In order to distinguish these modes, auxiliary lines are introduced between each two coupled resonators to denote each coupling mode, and this method is theoretically based on the analysis of the eigenvector of the coupling matrix. A simple and effective technique to construct multi-mode resonators (MMRs) is then proposed. An $n$ -mode resonator can be constructed by connecting $n$ hairpins with small patches. Resonant modes of this class of MMRs were analyzed in detail using the proposed auxiliary lines method. Single stage and four stages of quintuple-mode resonators were used to design high-temperature superconducting ultra-wideband (UWB) filters by properly allocating the first five resonant peaks. Two UWB filters based on quadruple-mode and triple-mode resonators are also given. Parallel-coupled three lines were used to provide tight external couplings, which also generated two transmission poles. Measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones without any tuning.

Superconducting Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter Design Based on Quintuple/Quadruple/ Triple-Mode Resonator

A broadband microstrip bandpass filter using a stub-loaded resonator is proposed. The basic block of the proposed filter is a triple-mode resonator that consists of a half-wave resonator and a shunt open-circuited stub. A parameter study of how to control the frequencies of the three modes is presented. Two bandpass filters using the proposed resonator have been designed, fabricated and tested to validate the design concept. Design guidelines and a comparison with previous work are also included. For the first bandpass filter, from 1.75 to 3.25 GHz, the measured return loss is greater than 16 dB and the measured insertion loss is less than 0.9 dB. The maximum group delay variation is 0.6 ns. Furthermore, there are two transmission zeros at 1.3 and 3.8 GHz for a better cut-off response. For the second one, from 1.6 to 3.7 GHz, the measured return loss is greater than 14 dB and the measured insertion loss is less than 1 dB. The maximum group delay variation is 0.6 ns, and there are two transmission zeros at 1.36 and 4.03 GHz.

Broadband microstrip bandpass filters using triple-mode resonator

New ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass filters (BPFs) with multiple (triple and quadruple) notches are proposed. A systematic approach is demonstrated to establish one to four or more notch-bands within the passband of a UWB BPF on a single-layer substrate using μ-strip technology, while avoiding the use of any via-holes. The proposed filters are based on parallel integration of gap-coupled microstrip resonators (GCMR) and two tri-section stepped-impedance resonators (TSSIR) to generate multiple notches. Two notches are produced by the use of TSSIR fundamental and first spurious resonance frequencies and the third and fourth notches are introduced by developing transmission zeros using additional integrated GCMR. Two samples of triple and quadruple notch-band UWB filters are fabricated and tested. In comparison to the previous triple single-layer notch-band BPFs with via-holes, the proposed single-layer triple notch BPF offers a size reduction of around 52%. The authors have also expanded the concept and designed a new quadruple notch-band UWB BPF. The proposed filter uses only a single layer and can be easily mass-produced with low cost.

Developing single-layer ultra-wideband band-pass filter with multiple (triple and quadruple) notches

A comprehensive study of high-selectivity filters that employ series multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) and a shunt MTL is presented. It is shown that this topology is suitable for implementing three- and five-pole bandpass filters having a quasi-elliptic frequency response. An exact synthesis procedure with analytical design equations for achieving equal-ripple passband response as a function of the operating bandwidth is described. To validate the theory, several bandpass filters are designed, fabricated, and measured. The excellent agreement between the measurements and the predicted results validates the proposed procedure as a reliable and quick technique for designing wideband quasi-elliptic bandpass filters.

Synthesis and Design of High-Selectivity Wideband Quasi-Elliptic Bandpass Filters Using Multiconductor Transmission Lines

Open-ended stub loaded parallel coupled short-circuited three-line structure is proposed to realize a new wideband bandpass filter. The characteristics of the new coupling unit were firstly investigated based on simulation, followed by proposing a two-step design scheme: 1. A Chebyshev filter is synthesized on the desired passband, using symmetric three-line coupling units. 2. The transmission zeros are then introduced to improve the skirt and stopband characteristics by properly designing the stubs. Then, a UWB bandpass filter covering the lower UWB band (BW: 3.1–4.8GHz, FBW: 43%) is designed to explain the proposed design procedure. The filter was then simulated, fabricated and measured to compare with the theoretical predictions. A good agreement validates the effectiveness of the proposed new coupling structure and corresponding filter design technique.

Novel wideband bandpass filter using open-ended stub loaded parallel coupled short-circuited three-line unit

To design an ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with the fractional bandwidth (FBW) up to 110% (31%106%GHz), a new filter prototype consisting of multi-stage parallel-coupled stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) is synthesised based on the transmission-line theory rather than the conventional multi-mode property Asymmetrical SIRs are employed instead of the conventional symmetrical/quasi-symmetrical ones, so that an extra degree of freedom is introduced in circuit parameter selection As a result, the minimum dimension of the coupling gaps between the adjacent SIRs is successfully enlarged to be more than 01%mm, which alleviates the requirement on fabrication precision A simple equivalent circuit for this filter prototype is represented in the form of distributed parameters and the corresponding Chebyshev filtering function is derived as well The relation between the number of poles in passband, N p , and the stage of the filter, n , is summarised to be N p =3 n +2 To validate the newly derived synthesis theory, a one-stage UWB filter is first synthesised to compare with the previously published results obtained by the electromagnetic (EM) simulator Furthermore, a two-stage filter is synthesised to successfully meet the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)+s indoor/outdoor spectrum specifications The fabricated UWB filter exhibits a compact size of 2658+mm in total length, low insertion loss (09+dB at 685+GHz), flat group delay (05+01+ns), good stopband characteristics (+S21+++40+dB at 1+2+GHz) and steep skirt property (+28+dB/GHz) as well It should be noted that the proposed filter prototype can be also used to realise aUWB filter with an FBW even greater than 110+

Synthesis of ultra-wideband bandpass filter employing parallel-coupled stepped-impedance resonators

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Synthesis of ultra-wideband bandpass filter employing parallel-coupled stepped-impedance resonators