The article describes the recent data dealing with the fatty acid content in cow, goat, and sheep milk. A large body of evidence demonstrates that fatty acid profile in goat and sheep milk was similar to that of cow milk. Palmitic acid was the most abundant in milk. Goat milk had the highest C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 content. Sheep milk was the richest source of conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Ewe’s milk had lower value of n-6/n-3 then goat and cow milk.

/pdf/fatty-acid-profile-of-milk-a-review-2e80c8fo62.pdf

Fatty acid profile of milk - a review

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of milk yield and stage of lactation on the activity of liver enzymes, cholesterol, and vitamin C concentration in blood of milking cows. The experi- ment was carried out on Polish Holstein-Friesian Black and White dairy cows with two different milk yield levels: M - medium (about 7000 kg per lactation) and H - high (about 10 000 kg per lactation). In blood serum, AST, ALT, GGT, CHOL, and vitamin C were estimated. The AST and ALT activities in the blood serum were lower in M group than in H group, however within M and H groups there were no differences in both aminotransferases activity between the 60 th and the 200 th day of lactation. Differences in GGT activity (P ≤ 0.01), CHOL (P ≤ 0.05), and vitamin C level (P ≤ 0.01) in blood serum were found between both stages of lactation. Negative correlations between vitamin C level with somatic cell count and milk yield traits were observed, that may indicate an increase in oxidative processes in high-yielding dairy cows. The achieved results may be used in diagnostics and/or evaluation of herds from the point of view of biochemical and pathophysiological processes.

/pdf/relationship-between-milk-yield-stage-of-lactation-and-some-rm3jisyel6.pdf

Relationship between milk yield, stage of lactation, and some blood serum metabolic parameters of dairy cows.

Free radicals are natural final products of the intensive metabolism in cells located in organism high-yielding dairy cows. When the disturbing of homeostasis occurs, oxidative processes lead to oxidative stress which in high-yielding dairy cows cause inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis). The inflammation can cause the reduction of milk yield and unfavourable changes in the milk composition, e.g. reduction in fat, casein proteins and calcium content with a simultaneous increase in the concentration of whey proteins, sodium and chlorine. Moreover, the activity of enzymes such a lipases, proteases, peroxides and the plasminogen in milk increases, negatively affecting its technological properties. In dairy cows the oxidative stress is associated with retaining placenta after calving and disrupting the activity of the corpus luteum, what affect the reproductive functions. The active immune response to inflammation leads to an increase in the secretion of other molecules having an adverse effect on embryo survival.

Relations between the oxidative status, mastitis, milk quality and disorders of reproductive functions in dairy cows - a review.

The encapsulation of fatty acids in nanocarrier systems is a very effective technique in improving their biological efficiency and controlled delivery Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is a major type of lipid-based nanoparticle This study is focused on producing nanolipid carrier containing conjugated linoleic acid and fortifying low-fat milk using this nanoparticle Nanostructured lipid carriers were produced by hot high-shear homogenization containing 15% Poloxamer 407, cocoa butter as solid lipid, and conjugated linoleic acid as liquid oil in ratio of 10:1 Results showed that the nanoparticles sized 81 nm with monomodular dispersity and the system was stable at 4 and 22°C for 40 days Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (%EE) were -158 mV and 982%, respectively Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the particles are in spiral form and small size and no significant aggregation was observed because of few changes in the system turbidity after storage time The result of oxidative stability showed that using Nanostructured lipid carriers system resulted in lower malone dialdehyde production Conjugated linoleic acid was protected at level of 39% of milk fatty acids in Nanostructured lipid carrier formulation during storage time Based on these findings, Nanostructured lipid carriers system is an appropriate and stable nanocarrier system for delivery of nutraceuticals in foods and can be used in protecting them against oxidation, heating, and other processes in order to fortify foods and beverages

Conjugated linoleic acid loaded nanostructured lipid carrier as a potential antioxidant nanocarrier for food applications.

Due to the increasing demand for alternative protein feed ingredients, the utilization of oilseed by-products in animal nutrition has been sought as a promising solution to ensure cheap and environmentally sustainable feedstuffs. This review aimed to summarize the nutritional value of six cold-pressed cakes (rapeseed, hempseed, linseed, sunflower seed, camelina seed, and pumpkin seed) and the effects of their inclusion in diet for ruminant, pig, and poultry on nutrient digestibility, growth and productive performance, and quality of the products. The presented results indicated that these unconventional feed ingredients are a good protein and lipid source and have a balanced amino acid and fatty acid profile. However, contradictory results of animal production performances can be found in the literature depending on the cake type and chemical composition, dietary inclusion level, animal category, and trial duration. Due to the substantial amount of essential fatty acid, these cakes can be efficiently used in the production of animal products rich in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the utilization of cakes in pig and poultry nutrition is limited because of the presence of antinutritive factors that can deteriorate feed intake and nutrient utilization.

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/3/432/pdf?version=1673949461

Cold-Pressed Oilseed Cakes as Alternative and Sustainable Feed Ingredients: A Review

The study aimed at determining the effect of supplementation the diet with linseed on milk yield and milk fatty acids profile in the middle stage of lactation of goats. Used were 16 Polish Fawn Improved goats divided into two groups: (1) fed the standard diet without supplementation (control) and (2) fed the diet supplemented with linseed cake (19.9% of diets’ total dry matter). Both diets were balanced according to INRA feeding standards and offered from week 12 to 17 of goats’ lactation. Milk samples were taken twice: two weeks after the beginning and then at the end of supplementing the diet with linseed cake. The linseed cake led to increase in milk yield and to favourable changes in fatty acids profile (the share of MUFA increased and of SFA decreased). Moreover, CLA content of milk significantly increased (ca. 10-fold) after linseed cake supplementation, whereas the concentration of undesirable SFA (especially C12 to C16) dropped significantly (almost 2-fold).

The effect of feeding linseed cake on milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in goats

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The effect of feeding linseed cake on milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in goats