This review describes a new paradigm of electronics based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron. Either adding the spin degree of freedom to conventional charge-based electronic devices or using the spin alone has the potential advantages of nonvolatility, increased data processing speed, decreased electric power consumption, and increased integration densities compared with conventional semiconductor devices. To successfully incorporate spins into existing semiconductor technology, one has to resolve technical issues such as efficient injection, transport, control and manipulation, and detection of spin polarization as well as spin-polarized currents. Recent advances in new materials engineering hold the promise of realizing spintronic devices in the near future. We review the current state of the spin-based devices, efforts in new materials fabrication, issues in spin transport, and optical spin manipulation.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/294/5546/1488.full.pdf

Spintronics: a spin-based electronics vision for the future.

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.

/pdf/spintronics-fundamentals-and-applications-2dx38n6phu.pdf

Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

Spin mapping at the nanoscale and atomic scale

Room temperature spin polarized injection in organic semiconductor

We report electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal contact into a semiconductor light emitting diode structure with an injection efficiency of 30% which persists to room temperature. The Schottky barrier formed at the Fe/AlGaAs interface provides a natural tunnel barrier for injection of spin polarized electrons under reverse bias. These carriers radiatively recombine, emitting circularly polarized light, and the quantum selection rules relating the optical and carrier spin polarizations provide a quantitative, model-independent measure of injection efficiency. This demonstrates that spin injecting contacts can be formed using a widely employed contact methodology, providing a ready pathway for the integration of spin transport into semiconductor processing technology.

Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor

The reconstructions of the InP(001) surface prepared by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied with in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The growth chamber contains a highly accurate temperature measurement system and uses a solid-source, cracked phosphorus, valved effusion cell. Five InP(001) reconstructions are observed with RHEED by analyzing patterns in three principal directions. Under a fixed P2 flux, decreasing the substrate temperature gives the following reconstructions: c(2×8), (2×4), (2×1), (2×2), and c(4×4). In situ STM images reveal that only two of these reconstructions yields long-range periodicity in real space. InP(001) does not form the metal rich (4×2) reconstruction, which is surprising because the (4×2) reconstruction has been coined the universal surface reconstruction since all III–V(001) surfaces were thought to favor its formation.

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy study of InP(001) surface reconstructions

The reconstruction transitions for the GaAs(001) surface have been identified as a function of the band gap-derived substrate temperature and As4 beam equivalent pressure. Surface morphology measurements using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy reveal that the surface spontaneously forms a random distribution of two-dimensional islands. The onset of island formation is coincident with the reflected high-energy electron diffraction pattern changing from the β to α subphase of the (2×4) reconstruction. An electron diffraction-based method for determining the substrate temperature and engineering the surface morphology with a desired amount of roughness is presented.

Enabling electron diffraction as a tool for determining substrate temperature and surface morphology

We have deposited Co films on the GaAs(001) surface by using an e-beam evaporation method. The thicknesses of the Co films are measured by using x-ray reflectivity and Rutherford backscattering. The magnetic properties of the films have been measured using superconducting quantum interference device. The magnetization of the films was found to decrease with increasing film thickness. The slight degradation of magnetic properties is attributed to increasing roughness on the Co surface or the Co/GaAs interface during the Co deposition.

Electron-beam evaporated cobalt films on molecular beam epitaxy prepared GaAs(001)

A union of the real-space and reciprocal space view of the GaAs(001) surface is presented. An optical transmission temperature measurement system allowed fast and accurate temperature determinations of the GaAs(001) substrate. The atomic features of the GaAs(001)-(2×4) reconstructed surface are resolved with scanning tunneling microscopy and first principles density functional theory. In addition, the 2D lattice-gas Ising model within the grand canonical ensemble can be applied to this surface to understand the thermodynamics. An algorithm for using electron diffraction on the GaAs(001) surface to determine the substrate temperature and tune the nanoscale surface roughness is presented.

A UNION OF THE REAL-SPACE AND RECIPROCAL-SPACE VIEW OF THE GaAs(001) SURFACE

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Papers

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy study of InP(001) surface reconstructions

Enabling electron diffraction as a tool for determining substrate temperature and surface morphology

Electron-beam evaporated cobalt films on molecular beam epitaxy prepared GaAs(001)

A UNION OF THE REAL-SPACE AND RECIPROCAL-SPACE VIEW OF THE GaAs(001) SURFACE

Electron-beam evaporated cobalt films on molecular beam epitaxy prepared GaAs(001)