The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides access to information on a variety of topics related to the environment and strives to inform citizens of health risks. The EPA also has an extensive library network that consists of 26 libraries throughout the United States, which provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers. The EPA implemented a reorganization project to digitize their materials so they would be more accessible to a wider range of users, but this plan was drastically accelerated when the EPA was threatened with a budget cut. It chose to close and reduce the hours and services of some of their libraries. As a result, the agency was accused of denying users the “right to know” by making information unavailable, not providing an adequate strategic plan, and discarding vital materials. This case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project.

/pdf/the-environmental-protection-agency-3gx4opzrjm.pdf

The Environmental Protection Agency

Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds; implications for evaporation

Eutrophication, or excessive nutrient enrichment, threatens water resources across the globe. We show that climate change–induced precipitation changes alone will substantially increase (19 ± 14%) riverine total nitrogen loading within the continental United States by the end of the century for the “business-as-usual” scenario. The impacts, driven by projected increases in both total and extreme precipitation, will be especially strong for the Northeast and the corn belt of the United States. Offsetting this increase would require a 33 ± 24% reduction in nitrogen inputs, representing a massive management challenge. Globally, changes in precipitation are especially likely to also exacerbate eutrophication in India, China, and Southeast Asia. It is therefore imperative that water quality management strategies account for the impact of projected future changes in precipitation on nitrogen loading.

Eutrophication will increase during the 21st century as a result of precipitation changes.

A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus

An ensemble-based model of PM2.5 concentration across the contiguous United States with high spatiotemporal resolution

Modeling Pesticide Fate and Transport at Watershed Scale Using the Soil & Water Assessment Tool: General Applications and Mitigation Strategies

Modeling the Mitigating Effects of Conservation Practices for Pyrethroid Uses in Agricultural Areas of California

This paper reports a comprehensive analysis on farm production and resources sustainability in Northwest China during 1978 to 1999. Besides the five provincial regions (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang), the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River Basin were also included as a nested area for detailed evaluation. The gross value of farm production was chosen to be the dependent variable in data analysis. Independent variables include farm inputs of irrigation ratio, agricultural labor, fertilizer application, and farm machinery use. In the study period, farm production increased four- to five-fold in the regions, strongly associated with the increased application of technological inputs of fertilizer and machinery. Multivariate regressions were performed based on Cobb-Douglas and Frontier production functions between farm production and inputs. Based on the function parameters, the growth of farm production was decomposed into the contributions by farm inputs and total factor productivity. 10-20% of the growth in farm production was attributed to the increased irrigation ratio in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, where the irrigation ratio was relatively lower than other regions and increased significantly during the study period. Productivity in irrigated farmland was found to be over 10 times higher than that of rainfed areas in the regions. For the provincial regions, technological input of fertilizer and machinery contributed to more than half of the growth in farm production in the period of 1978-1998. For the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River Basin, total factor productivity accounted for two-thirds of the farm output growth after 1985. In late 1990s, the regress of total factor productivity caused a significant reduction in farm production due to the drop in grain price and basin-wide drought. Total factor productivity in the basin was decomposed as two components of technological progress and relative technological efficiency. The relative technological efficiency was below 70% with a decreasing trend during 1980 to 1999. To integrate hydrological and economic processes in this study, a spatial model was developed to predict water supply and demand. Some preliminary results of this model were also presented.

Farm production and resources sustainability in Northwest China

Pesticide uses on impervious surfaces and subsequent offsite transport significantly contribute to pesticide detection and aquatic toxicity in urban watersheds. This review evaluates the various methods that currently exist to model pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces. Empirical equations successfully describe pesticide washoff by calibration to a single rainfall event, but lack consistent parameterization with varying set time and repeated rainfall. Partitioning coefficients determined from experimental data could significantly improve PRZM capability in predicting pesticide washoff from impervious surfaces. Highlighted in this review is a new semi-mechanistic approach which incorporates the time-dependence of washoff potential during the dry period after application and washoff dynamics during a runoff event. This review aims to provide information to guide model selection and model development for pesticide registration, regulation, and mitigation for urban pesticide uses.

Review of Modeling Approaches for Pesticide Washoff from Impervious Surfaces

Modeling the Effectiveness of Management Practices for Reducing Pesticide Residues in Surface Water

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